Enterococcus hirae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Enterococcus hirae is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 37-38%. Enterococcus hirae is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farrow1985; Svec2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human clinical sources (blood), veterinary clinical materials, food, the environment, and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farrow1985); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 6.5% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 9.6;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; xylose; amygdalin; dextrin; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; trehalose; mannitol; arbutin; β-methyl glucoside; methyl mannoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • hippurate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; β-mannosidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • α-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farrow1985); (Svec2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • Pigments:
  • produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tigecycline;
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole;

  • N/A

  • Enterococcus hirae has been used as a model organism for more than 4 decades. It has been used to address fundamental questions, such as the bioenergetics of ion transport, the action of uncouplers and ionophores, the identification of penicillin-binding proteins, the mechanism of autolysis, and bacterial copper homeostasis.[UP000002895]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Enterococcus hirae has been used as a model organism for more than 4 decades. It has been used to address fundamental questions, such as the bioenergetics of ion transport, the action of uncouplers and ionophores, the identification of penicillin-binding proteins, the mechanism of autolysis, and bacterial copper homeostasis. Over these 4 decade it has changed from Streptococcus faecalis to Streptococcus faecium, and finally to Enterococcus hirae, and as a consequence some of the early work with the this strain, the type strain, ATCC 9790, is difficult to track. It is microaerophilic and non-motile. Enterococcus hirae can be isolated from domestic birds, as well as pig, human and cattle sources. It is rarely found in clinical specimens (adapted from PMID 22933757). [UP000002895]

  • Robredo, B., Singh, K. V., Torres, C., & Murray, B. E. (2000). Streptogramin resistance and shared pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns in vanA-containing Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus hirae isolated from humans and animals in Spain. Microbial Drug Resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.), 6(4), 305–311.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Enterococcaceae Genus:  Enterococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  +
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human clinical sources (blood), veterinary clinical materials, food, the environment, and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  37-38
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(+)
    pH >8:  9.6(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Starch:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  vr Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg L-Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  vr Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  vr Sucrose:  vr Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  vr Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  + Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Hippurate:  d Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Galactosidase:  d β-Galactosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  + ArgDH:  + AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Pigment:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    penicillin:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >8, RNG: (0.5->8)
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤1->8)
    gentamicin:  R(MIC50): >500, MIC90: >1000, RNG: (≤500->1000)
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): >1000, MIC90: >2000, RNG: (≤1000->2000)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >4, RNG: (≤0.5->4)
    quin-dalf:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.25->2)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >4, RNG: (0.06->4)
    ofloxacin:  RNG: (0.39-6.25)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    oxytetracycline:  RNG: (0.39->100)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.06-0.12)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    vancomycin:  Var(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    chloramphenicol:  RNG: (3.13-50)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    lincomycin:  RNG: (0.1->100)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-8)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS HIRAE
  • Daillere2016 - Enterococcus hirae and Barnesiella intestinihominis Facilitate Cyclophosphamide-Induced Therapeutic Immunomodulatory Effects.
  • Farrow1985 - Enterococcus hirae, a New Species That Includes Amino Acid Assay Strain NCDO 1258 and Strains Causing Growth Depression in Young Chickens
  • Svec2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Enterococcaceae, Genus I. Enterococcus
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS HIRAE
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR ENTEROCOCCUS HIRAE
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: February 08, 2021