Exiguobacterium aurantiacum

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Exiguobacterium aurantiacum is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, pleiomorphic bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 53.2-55.8%. Exiguobacterium aurantiacum is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Collins1983c; Collins2011bBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from wastewater and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1983c); (Collins2011bBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • casein; gelatin; starch;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 6.5; tolerates pH 11.5; Grows optimally at pH 8.5-9.5.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 7℃; grows at 43℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • galactose; glucose; amygdalin; glycogen; gentiobiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; mannitol; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • fructose; salicin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1983c); (Collins2011bBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • orange
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Collins1983c); (Collins2011bBergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • penicillin G;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; oleandomycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • novobiocin;
  • NOTES

    Able to use methyl pyruvate as a carbon source.

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Caryophanales Family:  Family XI Incertae Sedis Genus:  Exiguobacterium Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Pleiomorphic Pigment:  orange
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  wastewater and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  53.2-55.8
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Low T(℃):  7(+)
    High T(℃):  43(+)
    Opt. pH:  8.5-9.5
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.5(+)
    pH >8:  11.5(+)
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  + Pectin:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Glycogen:  + Inulin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  d
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Galactose:  neg Ribose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Glycerol:  neg Glycogen:  neg Mannitol:  neg Ala:  neg Acetate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Trypsin:  neg LeuAA:  neg ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Lactate:  + H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  orange
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    penicillin_G:  S(1; disc)
    erythromycin:  S(10; disc)
    oleandomycin:  S(5; disc)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(10; disc)
    chloramphenicol:  S(10; disc)
    novobiocin:  S(5; disc)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR EXIGUOBACTERIUM AURANTIACUM
  • Collins1983c - Chemotaxonomic Study of an Alkalophilic Bacterium, Exiguobacterium aurantiacum gen. nov., sp. nov.
  • Collins2011bBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Bacillales, Family XII. Incertae Sedis, Genus I. Exiguobacterium
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR EXIGUOBACTERIUM AURANTIACUM
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR EXIGUOBACTERIUM AURANTIACUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021