Fusobacterium nucleatum

(aka Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Fusobacterium nucleatum, (aka Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 13 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Fusobacterium nucleatum is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Gharbia2010aBergey; Gharbia1992; Kook2017; Dzink1990)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (blood, lesion - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Gharbia2010aBergey); (Gharbia1992); (Kook2017); (Dzink1990);
    Character Response
    SPECIAL FEATURES (Gharbia2010aBergey); (Kook2017); (Dzink1990);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Gharbia2010aBergey); (Goldstein2018); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2013); (Goldstein2013a); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999); (Goldstein1999a); (Goldstein1999b); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; aztreonam; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • azlocillin; bacampicillin; oxacillin; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefamandole; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefotiam; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefepime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; josamycin;
  • clarithromycin; erythromycin; fidaxomicin; roxithromycin; spiramycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; sarafloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • clavulanic-acid; nalidixic-acid; pefloxacin; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; dihydrostreptomycin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fosfomycin; fusidic-acid; metronidazole; nitrofurantoin;
  • isoniazid; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide; trimethoprim; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; linezolid; colistin; ranbezolid;
  • daptomycin;

  • Holdeman, L. V., Good, I. J., & Moore, W. E. (1976). Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 31(3), 359–375.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Fusobacteria Class:  Fusobacteriia Order:  Fusobacteriales Family:  Fusobacteriaceae Genus:  Fusobacterium Alt. name:  Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  No spore Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (blood, lesion - CCUG)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Starch:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.125-1)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.015, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-0.25)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-4)
    azlocillin:  Res
    aztreonam:  Sens
    bacampicillin:  Res
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    cloxacillin:  Sens
    dicloxacillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  Res
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: ≤0.03, RNG: (≤0.03-0.125)
    piperacillin:  Var
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): ≤0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.125-0.5)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.06->128)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-32)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.016-0.03)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.016-0.06)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.016-0.06)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.016-0.06)
    cefaclor:  Res
    cefadroxil:  Res
    cefalexin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-2)
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-1)
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefdinir:  Sens
    cefepime:  Res
    cefixime:  Sens
    cefmetazole:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-16)
    cefoperazone:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-2)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.015->32)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    cefotiam:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125-2)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1–8)
    ceftizoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-1)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–1)
    cephalothin:  Sens
    moxalactam:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-4)
    amikacin:  Res
    dihydrostrept:  Res
    gentamicin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    sisomicin:  Res
    spectinomycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  Res
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-2)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 1024, MIC90: >1024, RNG: (0.06->1024)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (≤0.015-32)
    quin-dalf:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    roxithromycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (1–>32)
    spiramycin:  R(≥64-)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25–32)
    josamycin:  Sens
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-1)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.5-2)
    clavulanate:  Res
    clinafloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.03/-)
    enoxacin:  Sens
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.064-4)
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-4)
    pefloxacin:  Res
    pipemidic_acid:  Res
    sarafloxacin:  Sens
    sparfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >8, RNG: (2–>8)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.032-16)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    meclocycline:  Sens
    methacycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–0.125)
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    teicoplanin:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16->16)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (512->512)
    bacitracin:  Res
    rifabutin:  Sens
    rifampicin:  SensRNG: (1/-)
    rifapentine:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-32)
    fosfomycin:  Sens
    isoniazid:  Res
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.03-0.125)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-0.03)
    sulfadiazine:  Res
    sulfadimethoxine:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  Res
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    trimethoprim:  Res
    SXT:  Res
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: ≤0.03, RNG: (≤0.03-≤0.03)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (16–>32)
    colistin:  Sens
    fusidic-acid:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Gharbia2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Fusobacteria. Family Fusobacteriaceae, Genus I. Fusobacterium
  • Gharbia1992 - Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. fusiforme subsp. nov. and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis subsp. nov. as additional subspecies within Fusobacterium nucleatum.
  • Kook2017 - Genome-Based Reclassification of Fusobacterium nucleatum Subspecies at the Species Level.
  • Dzink1990 - Dzink JL, Sheenan MT, Socransky SS. Proposal of three subspecies of Fusobacterium nucleatum Knorr 1922: Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subsp. nov., comb. nov.; Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum subsp. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov.; and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii subsp. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov.
  • Baxter2016 - Microbiota-based model improves the sensitivity of fecal immunochemical test for detecting colonic lesions
  • ElMouzan2018 - Microbiota profile in new-onset pediatric Crohn's disease: data from a non-Western population
  • Fukugaiti2015 - High occurrence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients
  • Knoll2017 - Gut microbiota differs between children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease and healthy siblings in taxonomic and functional composition: a metagenomic analysis
  • Liu2020c - Alterations of the Predominant Fecal Microbiota and Disruption of the Gut Mucosal Barrier in Patients with Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer
  • MiraPascual2015 - Microbial mucosal colonic shifts associated with the development of colorectal cancer reveal the presence of different bacterial and archaeal biomarkers
  • Pu2020 - Microbiota profile is different for early and invasive colorectal cancer and is consistent throughout the colon
  • Rogers2016 - Acute Appendicitis in Children Is Associated With a Local Expansion of Fusobacteria
  • Saito2019 - Metagenomic analyses of the gut microbiota associated with colorectal adenoma
  • Tarallo2019 - Altered Fecal Small RNA Profiles in Colorectal Cancer Reflect Gut Microbiome Composition in Stool Samples
  • Tunsjo2019 - Detection of Fusobacterium nucleatum in stool and colonic tissues from Norwegian colorectal cancer patients
  • Yachida2019 - Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Mangifesta2018 - Mucosal microbiota of intestinal polyps reveals putative biomarkers of colorectal cancer.
  • Goldstein2018 - Comparative In Vitro Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates.
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2013 - In vitro activity of Biapenem plus RPX7009, a carbapenem combined with a serine β-lactamase inhibitor, against anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999 - In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805) against anaerobes.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chung2019 - Impact of carbohydrate substrate complexity on the diversity of the human colonic microbiota.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Urban2020 - Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021