Gardnerella vaginalis

(aka Haemophilus vaginalis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Gardnerella vaginalis, (aka Haemophilus vaginalis), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 41.0-42.8%. Gardnerella vaginalis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Greenwood1980; Vaneechoutte2019; Gardner1955)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (UTI, blood) and vagina. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Greenwood1980); (Vaneechoutte2019); (Gardner1955);
    Character Response
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • grows weakly at pH 4.5; Grows optimally at pH 6.0-6.5.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 42℃; Grows optimally at 35℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; starch; maltose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • β-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Greenwood1980); (Gardner1955);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate (major);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Gardner1955);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • penicillin G;
  • penicillin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • garenoxacin; levofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;
  • polymyxin B;

  • N/A

  • Gardnerella vaginalis is one of several vaginal organisms whose presence strongly correlates with BV. Biochemical and physiological analyses demonstrate important virulence features such as hemolytic activity, epithelial adhesion and biofilm formation. Genomic analyses provides details of the genetic elements involved. We also identify other features of the G. vaginalis pangenome, such as the ability to degrade mucin, evade immune detection or resist a broad spectrum of antimicrobials, which may be important to the role of G. vaginalis in BV. [PMID: 20865041]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Gardnerella vaginalis (strain 409-05) is a facultative anaerobic Gram-variable bacterium. It is the most prevalent sexually transmitted organism and is associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) in which the normal lactobacilli microbiota is replaced by relatively high concentrations of other bacteria, especially G. vaginalis. It reflects a complex alteration of the vaginal microbiota, normally in the absence of inflammatory response. It generally leads to the presence of intense discharges in the absence of itching, burning sensations or urinary symptoms. G. vaginalis was found to be a risk factor for the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), in which stimulation of HIV expression by G. vaginalis was demonstrated. This bacterium is also associated with bacteraemia, urinary track infections, and neonatal meningitis. (Adaptated from PMID: 20221621). [UP000001888]

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Bifidobacteriales Family:  Bifidobacteriaceae Genus:  Gardnerella Alt. name:  Haemophilus vaginalis Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (UTI, blood) and vagina
    DNA G+C(%):  41.0-42.8
    Opt. T:  35℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  42(+)
    Opt. pH:  6.0-6.5
    pH 4.2-5.9:  4.5(w)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  vr Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Sucrose:  vr Trehalose:  neg Starch:  + Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  Major(+) Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    penicillin:  Res
    penicillin_G:  SensRNG: (0.25/-)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06->16)
    streptomycin:  Res
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-32)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  Sens
    bacitracin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  R(vr)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (<0.25->32)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    polymyxin_B:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
  • Greenwood1980 - Transfer of Haemophilus vaginalis Gardner and Dukes to a New Genus, Gardnerella: G. vaginalis (Gardner and Dukes) comb. nov.
  • Vaneechoutte2019 - Emended description of Gardnerella vaginalis and description of Gardnerella leopoldii sp. nov., Gardnerella piotii sp. nov. and Gardnerella swidsinskii sp. nov., with delineation of 13 genomic species within the genus Gardnerella.
  • Kishikawa2020 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiome revealed novel aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis in the Japanese population
  • Ventura2019 - Gut microbiome of treatment-naïve MS patients of different ethnicities early in disease course
  • Gardner1955 - Haemophilus vaginalis vaginitis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR GARDNERELLA VAGINALIS
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
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    • Added: February 08, 2021