Gemella haemolysans

(aka Neisseria haemolysans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Gemella haemolysans, (aka Neisseria haemolysans), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, oval-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 14 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 30-34%. Gemella haemolysans is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Collins2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (blood, eye, abscess, cerebrospinal fluid). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 35-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; maltose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • Gly-Trp arylamidase; lipase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Collins2011Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • penicillin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; oleandomycin; spiramycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • lincomycin; novobiocin;

  • McLaughlin, S. D., Walker, A. W., Churcher, C., Clark, S. K., Tekkis, P. P., Johnson, M. W., Parkhill, J., Ciclitira, P. J., Dougan, G., Nicholls, R. J., & Petrovska, L. (2010). The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing. Annals of Surgery, 252(1), 90–98.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Caryophanales Family:  Family XI Incertae Sedis Genus:  Gemella Alt. name:  Neisseria haemolysans Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Oval-shaped
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (blood, eye, abscess, cerebrospinal fluid)
    DNA G+C(%):  30-34
    Opt. T:  35-37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Glucose:  + Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  vr Trehalose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg GluDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  vr AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyTrpAA:  d GlyAA:  vr LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  d Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    penicillin:  Sens
    amikacin:  Res
    gentamicin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  Res
    erythromycin:  Sens
    oleandomycin:  Sens
    spiramycin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    vancomycin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    trimethoprim:  Res
    lincomycin:  Sens
    novobiocin:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR GEMELLA HAEMOLYSANS
  • Collins2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Bacillales, Family XI. Incertae Sedis, Genus I. Gemella
  • Miyoshi2021 - Gemella haemolysans inhibits the growth of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR GEMELLA HAEMOLYSANS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2005 - Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR GEMELLA HAEMOLYSANS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021