Gemella morbillorum

(aka Streptococcus morbillorum)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Gemella morbillorum, (aka Streptococcus morbillorum), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 30%. Gemella morbillorum is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Holdeman1974; Kilpperbalz1988; Collins2011Bergey; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, and clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Holdeman1974); (Kilpperbalz1988); (Collins2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 35-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • mannitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Gly arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Holdeman1974); (Kilpperbalz1988); (Collins2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (minor); acetate; lactate (major); ethanoltrace; succinate (trace); pyruvate (trace);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • Hâ‚‚S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable
  • ✗
  • Nitrite:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Collins2011Bergey); (Citron2003); (Goldstein1991);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ertapenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin; ceftizoxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid;

  • Holdeman, L. V., & Moore, W. E. C. (1974). New genus, Coprococcus, twelve new species, and emended descriptions of four previously described species of bacteria from human feces. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 24(2), 260–277.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Caryophanales Family:  Family XI Incertae Sedis Genus:  Gemella Alt. name:  Streptococcus morbillorum Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, and clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  30
    Opt. T:  35-37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  w Rhamnose:  vr Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  w D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  vr L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  vr Lactose:  neg Maltose:  w Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  w Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d(w) Sorbitol:  w Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  vr Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg GluDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  vr AlaPheProAA:  d GluGluAA:  neg GlyTrpAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  vr AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  minor(+) Acetate:  + Lactate:  Major(+) Ethanol:  trace Succinate:  trace(+) H2S:  neg Pyruvate:  trace(+) Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.016-64)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    ertapenem:  S(0.06/0.25)
    cefoxitin:  S(0.25)
    ceftizoxime:  S(0.25)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-16)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–16)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.006-2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016-0.5)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.125-16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5), MIC90: S(0.5, RNG: (0.064->32)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-1)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–128)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.016->256)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR GEMELLA MORBILLORUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Holdeman1974 - New Genus, Coprococcus, Twelve New Species, and Emended Descriptions of Four Previously Described Species of Bacteria from Human Feces.
  • Kilpperbalz1988 - Transfer of Streptococcus morbillorum to the Genus Gemella as Gemella morbillorum comb. nov.
  • Collins2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Bacillales, Family XI. Incertae Sedis, Genus I. Gemella
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Feng2015 - Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
  • Yachida2019 - Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein1991 - Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections to ofloxacin and interaction of ofloxacin with metronidazole.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR GEMELLA MORBILLORUM
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR GEMELLA MORBILLORUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021