General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview


  • Gemella sanguinis is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 31%. Gemella sanguinis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Collins1998a; Collins2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (blood) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.

  • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1998a); (Collins2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 10℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 35-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; maltose; sucrose; mannitol; sorbitol; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; esterase lipase C8;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • esterase C4; pyroGlu arylamidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;

  • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1998a); (Collins2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • present
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • not produced

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.


  • Details


    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Caryophanales Family:  Family XI Incertae Sedis Genus:  Gemella Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (blood) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  31
    Opt. T:  35-37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Hippurate:  neg

    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  d(+) Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg

    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg

    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  neg GluDC:  neg Trypsin:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + CystineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyTrpAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  d PyrogluAA:  d ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  d EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg

    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg

    References


    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR GEMELLA SANGUINIS
  • Collins1998a - Note: Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii sp. nov., a novel corynebacterium that does not contain mycolic acids.
  • Collins2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Bacillales, Family XI. Incertae Sedis, Genus I. Gemella
  • Maffeis2016 - Association between intestinal permeability and faecal microbiota composition in Italian children with beta cell autoimmunity at risk for type 1 diabetes
  • ...............................
  • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR GEMELLA SANGUINIS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
  • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR GEMELLA SANGUINIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.