Gemmiger formicilis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Gemmiger formicilis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, oval-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 59%. Gemmiger formicilis is a common gut coloniser. (Gossling1975)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 97% of Europeans (unseenbio.com).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Gossling1975);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; gelatin; starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 4.8; tolerates pH 6.0;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 30(d); grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37-45℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • cellubiose; maltose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • galactose; mannose; aesculin; xylan; melibiose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • amygdalin; arabinose; cellubiose; aesculin; fructose; galactose; glucose; inulin; lactose; maltose; mannose; melibiose; salicin; starch; sucrose; trehalose; xylose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glycogen;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Gossling1975);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate (trace); butyrate (major); lactate; succinate (trace); pyruvate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • NOTES

    Can utilise dextrin.

  • Holdeman, L. V., Good, I. J., & Moore, W. E. (1976). Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 31(3), 359–375.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Eubacteriales Family XIII. Incertae Sedis Genus:  Gemmiger Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Oval-shaped
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  59
    Opt. T:  37-45℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(d)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  4.8(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  neg Hippurate:  neg Milk:  curdle Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  w Galactose:  d(neg) Mannose:  d(w) Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d(+) Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(neg) Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  d(w) Glycogen:  neg Starch:  neg Xylan:  d(neg) Adonitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  d(neg) Inositol:  neg Inulin:  + Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  d(+) Starch:  + Hippurate:  neg Lactate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  trace(+) Butyrate:  Major(+) Lactate:  + Succinate:  trace(+) H2S:  neg Pyruvate:  + Indole:  neg

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR GEMMIGER FORMICILIS
  • Gossling1975 - Gemmiger formicilis, n.gen., n.sp., an Anaerobic Budding Bacterium from Intestines.
  • Dong2020a - The Association of Gut Microbiota With Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty in Girls
  • Huang2019 - Analysis of microbiota in elderly patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction
  • KowalskaDuplaga2019 - Differences in the intestinal microbiome of healthy children and patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease
  • Malham2019 - The microbiome reflects diagnosis and predicts disease severity in paediatric onset inflammatory bowel disease
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR GEMMIGER FORMICILIS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia
  • Moore1995 - Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • deGoffau2013 - Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without.
  • ...............................
    • Added: April 08, 2021