Haemophilus influenzae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, bacterium. It has been detected in at least 10 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 38.3-39.1%. Haemophilus influenzae is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Kilian1976; Kilian2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, oral cavity and clinical sources (sputum, blood, cerebrospinal fluid - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kilian1976); (Kilian2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • urea;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • galactose; glucose; ribose; xylose; maltose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylneuraminic acid;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; oxidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • β-glucuronidase; lycine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kilian1976); (Kilian2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole (variable);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Nitrite:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; benzylpenicillin; carbenicillin; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefamandole; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefotaxime; cefpirom; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • cefazolin; cefprozil;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; roxithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; methacycline; minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim;
  • fusidic-acid;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin; polymyxin B;
  • clindamycin;

  • Bik, E. M., Eckburg, P. B., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., Purdom, E. A., Francois, F., Perez-Perez, G., Blaser, M. J., & Relman, D. A. (2006). Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(3), 732–737.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Pasteurellales Family:  Pasteurellaceae Genus:  Haemophilus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, oral cavity and clinical sources (sputum, blood, cerebrospinal fluid - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  38.3-39.1
    		Urea:  + Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  d(+) Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  d Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  d α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg LysDC:  d OrnDC:  d AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase:  neg Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  vr
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.125->64)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-16)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.125-128)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.5-2)
    benzyl-pen:  SensRNG: (0.4-2)
    carbenicil:  SensRNG: (0.2-1.6)
    cloxacillin:  RNG: (12.5-50)
    dicloxacillin:  RNG: (6.3-25)
    methicillin:  RNG: (0.8-3.1)
    oxacillin:  RNG: (6.3-50)
    penicillin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.004-32)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.125–>16)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): ≤0.25, MIC90: ≤0.25, RNG: (≤0.25-0.5)
    ticarcillin:  SensRNG: (0.2-0.8)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.06->16)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.016-1)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤1-64)
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    cefazolin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-16)
    cefdinir:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.06-2)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.008-0.5)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-8)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): 0.063, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.016-0.125)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    cefprozil:  R(6/32)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015-0.125)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (<0.06->8)
    cephalothin:  RNG: (3.1-25)
    amikacin:  RNG: (1.6-6.3)
    gentamicin:  RNG: (3.1-6.3)
    kanamycin:  RNG: (0.4-3.1)
    neomycin:  RNG: (1.6-6.3)
    sisomicin:  RNG: (1.6-3.1)
    spectinomycin:  RNG: (3.1-12.5)
    tobramycin:  SensRNG: (0.4-1.6)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.015->128)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (<0.05-128)
    quin-dalf:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-16)
    roxithromycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.002->32)
    linezolid:  RNG: (4-16)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.0125, MIC90: 0.025, RNG: (0.00625-0.1)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): <0.008, MIC90: <0.008, RNG: (<0.008-0.03)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.00625, MIC90: 0.0125, RNG: (0.00313-0.0125)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): <0.03, MIC90: <0.03, RNG: (<0.03-0.25)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.002, MIC90: 0.008, RNG: (0.001-0.03)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.006, MIC90: 0.013, RNG: (≤0.006-0.025)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.015-0.03)
    nalidixic-acid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.032, MIC90: 0.032, RNG: (0.016-0.063)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): <0.12, MIC90: <0.12, RNG: (<0.12-0.25)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): <0.03, MIC90: <0.03, RNG: (<0.03-0.25)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    chlortetracycline:  RNG: (0.8-3.1)
    methacycline:  SensRNG: (0.4-0.8)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-2)
    oxytetracycline:  RNG: (1.6-6.3)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: ≤4, RNG: (≤4->16)
    vancomycin:  RNG: (>200)
    bacitracin:  RNG: (50-400)
    rifampicin:  S(0.25/0.25)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25-16)
    sulfamethoxazole:  RNG: (100->1000)
    trimethoprim:  SensRNG: (0.2-0.8)
    co-trimoxazole:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 8, RNG: (<0.25->8)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2–>32)
    lincomycin:  RNG: (4-16)
    colistin:  SensRNG: (0.4-0.8)
    polymyxin_B:  SensRNG: (0.8-)
    fusidic-acid:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2->16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
  • Kilian1976 - A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Haemophilus, with the Proposal of a New Species.
  • Kilian2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Pasteurellaceae, Genus III. Haemophilus
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • Added: April 08, 2021