Haemophilus parainfluenzae

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 26 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40.2%. Haemophilus parainfluenzae is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Kilian1976; Kilian2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, oral cavity and clinical sources (sputum, infection, wound - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kilian1976); (Kilian2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • urea;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 35-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; maltose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • raffinose; glycerol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; Leu arylamidase; ornithine decarboxylase; oxidase; urease;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • lycine decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kilian1976); (Kilian2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta (strain dependent)
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Coburn2013); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cefixime; cefpodoxime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; erythromycin;
  • clarithromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;

  • N/A

  • Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a part of the normal flora of the human upper respiratory tract but has also been isolated occasionally from an increasing number of disease situations including meningitis, septicaemia, pleural effusion, urethritis, prosthetic joint infection, an abscess following reconstruction for facial paralysis, and endocarditis in patients with and without underlying heart disease. [PMID: 24035104]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a normal inhabitant of the human upper respiratory tract; it is an infrequent and not terribly opportunistic pathogen. It grows slowly and can cause endocarditis in children. It has also been seen to cause other infections such as bacteremia, abscess, peritonitis, otitis media, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, arthritis and osteomyelitis, and periodontal infections (adapted from Wikipedia). [UP000007052]

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Pasteurellales Family:  Pasteurellaceae Genus:  Haemophilus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, oral cavity and clinical sources (sputum, infection, wound - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  40.2
    Opt. T:  35-37℃
    		Urea:  + Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  d Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  d(+) Urease:  d(+) Haemaggl.:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  vr LysDC:  d OrnDC:  d(+) AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.016-64)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >4, RNG: (0.12->4)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1->2)
    penicillin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.004-32)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015–4)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.008-0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.008-2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (4-16)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12->2)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.03-0.06)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06-0.13)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-4)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015–1)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.015–8)
    clarithromycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    quin-dalf:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2->16)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(≤0.008/≤0.008)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: -, RNG: (≤0.001–0.03)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.006-2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.016-0.5)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (<0.03-1)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: -, RNG: (≤0.001–0.03)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.064->32)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.015–0.25)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25->4)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.8, MIC90: 0.8, RNG: (≤0.015–>8)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    SXT:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06->2)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.016->256)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR HAEMOPHILUS PARAINFLUENZAE
  • Coburn2013 - Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Clinical Isolates of HACEK Organisms.
  • Kilian1976 - A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Haemophilus, with the Proposal of a New Species.
  • Kilian2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Pasteurellaceae, Genus III. Haemophilus
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Ciocan2018 - Characterization of intestinal microbiota in alcoholic patients with and without alcoholic hepatitis or chronic alcoholic pancreatitis
  • Coretti2018 - Gut Microbiota Features in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • Dong2020 - A Microbial Signature Identifies Advanced Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease Mainly Due to NAFLD
  • Giongo2011 - Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Huang2019 - Analysis of microbiota in elderly patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction
  • Jackson2016 - Signatures of early frailty in the gut microbiota
  • Kang2018 - Differences in fecal microbial metabolites and microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorders
  • Lv2016 - Alterations and correlations of the gut microbiome, metabolism and immunity in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
  • Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia
  • Morgan2020 - Microscopic Colitis Is Characterized by Intestinal Dysbiosis
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • Qin2014 - Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis
  • Saulnier2011 - Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome
  • Tarallo2019 - Altered Fecal Small RNA Profiles in Colorectal Cancer Reflect Gut Microbiome Composition in Stool Samples
  • vanDijkhuizen2019 - Microbiome Analytics of the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Longitudinal Observational Cohort Study
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Laue2020 - Prospective associations of the infant gut microbiome and microbial function with social behaviors related to autism at age 3 years
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR HAEMOPHILUS PARAINFLUENZAE
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Li2019b - Disordered intestinal microbes are associated with the activity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Wang2005 - Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.
  • Wang2018 - A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults
  • Wang2018a - Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • Added: February 08, 2021