Helicobacter pylori

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, microaerophilic, motile, helical-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 36–39%. Helicobacter pylori is unlikely to be a gut coloniser. (Goodwin1989; TrivettMoore1997; On2005Bergey; Vandamme1991a; On2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (ulcer) and stomach. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Is a known human pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Goodwin1989); (TrivettMoore1997); (On2005Bergey); (Vandamme1991a); (On2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • mucin; urea;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 25℃; strain-variable at 42(d); Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glycine; mucin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; catalase; γ-Glu transferase; oxidase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (On2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goodwin1989); (Kamoda2006); (TrivettMoore1997); (On2005Bergey); (Vandamme1991a); (On2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; imipenem; penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefixime; cefotaxime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; erythromycin; josamycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clavulanic-acid; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; kanamycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifalazil; rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;
  • linezolid; polymyxin B;
  • NOTES

    Media containing 1% glycine does not support growth.

  • McGowan, CC, TL Cover & MJ Blaser (1996). Helicobacter pylori and gastric acid: Biological and therapeutic implications. Gastroenterology 110: 926.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Epsilonproteobacteria Order:  Campylobacterales Family:  Helicobacteraceae Genus:  Helicobacter Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  microaerophilic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Helical Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (ulcer) and stomach
    DNA G+C(%):  36–39
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(neg)
    High T(℃):  42(d)
    		Urea:  + Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Casein:  neg Tyrosine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Glucose:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Gly:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  + γ-Glu transf.:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.0005-0.06)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.01, MIC90: 0.01, RNG: (<0.01-0.02)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (<0.002-0.12)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-0.12)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 0.05, RNG: (0.05-?)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 0.1, MIC90: 0.78, RNG: (0.05-50)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.04, MIC90: 0.08, RNG: (0.01-0.16)
    cefpodoxime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25-8)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 0.78, MIC90: 3.13, RNG: (0.05-3.13)
    ceftizoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.05, MIC90: 0.05, RNG: (0.05-0.78)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.008-0.5)
    cephalothin:  S(MIC50): 0.2, MIC90: 0.2, RNG: (0.025-0.4)
    moxalactam:  S(MIC50): 0.78, MIC90: 1.56, RNG: (0.05-1.56)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.08, MIC90: 0.16, RNG: (0.04-0.32)
    kanamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.16, MIC90: 0.32, RNG: (0.04-0.64)
    streptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.32, MIC90: 0.64, RNG: (0.04-1.28)
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 0.08, MIC90: 0.16, RNG: (0.04-0.64)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06->128), MIC90: Var(0.06->128
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.2, MIC90: 0.39, RNG: (0.05-0.78)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.004-0.03)
    josamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.8, MIC90: 0.8, RNG: (0.4-1.6)
    linezolid:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (16-64)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-2)
    clavulanate:  S(MIC50): 0.16, MIC90: 0.64, RNG: (<0.01-0.64)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-1)
    moxifloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.008-0.25)
    nalidixic-acid:  S(30)
    norfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1.56, MIC90: 25, RNG: (0.05-25)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.78, MIC90: 12.5, RNG: (0.05-25)
    pefloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.2, MIC90: 0.39, RNG: (0.05-0.78)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.008-0.25)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): >100, MIC90: >100, R(50->100)
    rifalazil:  S(0.004/0.008)
    rifampicin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-2)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-8)
    fosfomycin:  Var(MIC50): 3.13, MIC90: 6.25, RNG: (0.05-12.5)
    metronidazole:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1-128)
    trimethoprim:  Res
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.39, MIC90: 1.56, RNG: (0.1-50)
    lincomycin:  Var(MIC50): 6.4, MIC90: 12.8, RNG: (3.2-12.8)
    polymyxin_B:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (2-6.4)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI
  • Goodwin1989 - Transfer of Campylobacter pylori and Campylobacter mustelae to Helicobacter gen. nov. as Helicobacter pylori comb. nov. and Helicobacter mustelae comb. nov., Respectively.
  • Kamoda2006 - In Vitro Activity of a Novel Antimicrobial Agent, TG44, for Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection.
  • TrivettMoore1997 - Helicobacter westmeadii sp. nov., a new species isolated from blood cultures of two AIDS patients.
  • On2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Helicobacteraceae, Genus I. Helicobacter
  • Vandamme1991a - Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella Taxonomy: Emendation of Generic Descriptions and Proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov.
  • On2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria Part C. Family Helicobacteraceae, Genus I. Helicobacter
  • Newburg2015 - Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Human Milk Glycans Cooperate to Attenuate Infection and Inflammation
  • Heidarian2019 - Altered fecal bacterial composition correlates with disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease and the extent of IL8 induction
  • Zhao2019a - Metagenome of Gut Microbiota of Children With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
  • Saini2021a - Bacterial Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, an Emerging Biocatalyst: Insights Into Structure-Function Relationship and Its Biotechnological Applications.
  • Kobayashi2009 - Roles of gastric mucin-type O-glycans in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI
  • Derrien2010Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Lentisphaerae. Family Victivallaceae, Genus I. Victivallis
  • Derrien2010aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Verrucomicrobia. Family Akkermansiaceae, Genus I. Akkermansia
  • Derrien2010 - Mucin-bacterial interactions in the human oral cavity and digestive tract.
    • Added: April 08, 2021