Klebsiella aerogenes

(aka Enterobacter aerogenes)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Klebsiella aerogenes, (aka Enterobacter aerogenes), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, microaerophilic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 18 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 54.8%. Klebsiella aerogenes is a common gut coloniser. (Farmer1985; Bascomb1971; Hormaeche1958; Grimont2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Salonen2014, Alkhalil2017 - high loads in several ulcerative colitis patients) and clinical sources (infections, blood, urine). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Bascomb1971); (Hormaeche1958); (Grimont2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; amygdalin; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; adonitol; D-arabitol; glycerol; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; α-methyl glucoside; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • gluconate; melibiose; citrate; malonate; mucate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • acetate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; lycine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Bascomb1971); (Grimont2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Citron2012); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron1997); (Cakir2019); (Grimont2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; aztreonam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem;
  • ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; penicillin G; piperacillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefpirom; ceftazidime;
  • cefamandole; cefazolin; cefoxitin; cephalothin;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • netilmycin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • N/A

  • Enterobacter aerogenes preferentially produces hydrogen under strictly anaerobic conditions and becomes a butanediol producer with properties very similar to those of K. oxytoca when fermentation is stimulated by microaeration. [PMID: 22493190] Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have emerged as important cause of morbidity and mortality among hospital-acquired and long-term care-associated infections. Enterobacter aerogenes is one of the most common CRE together with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Since the early 1990s, E. aerogenes has emerged as an important MDR pathogen, responsible for nosocomial infections, including respiratory and urinary tracts infections, bacteremia, sepsis and post-chirurgical infections. The emergence of MDR strains of E. aerogenes is closely related to the clinical use of broad-spectrum _-lactams and carbapenems. Several mechanisms account for MDR, including carbapenem resistance, in this species. [PMID: 26042091]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Enterobacter aerogenes is a common agent of hospital-acquired infection. It exhibits a remarkable adaptive capability and easily acquires resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics during therapy. The existence of a prevalent resistant clone of E. aerogenes has been reported in France, Belgium, and Spain. Clinical isolates of this species, which are naturally resistant to aminopenicillins, often express an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-24, which gives rise to resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Moreover, E. aerogenes exhibits acquired resistance to other families of antimicrobial agents. Previous studies have reported that clinical strains exhibiting an efflux process are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics, quinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Enterobacter aerogenes (strain SM-1) is a Gram-negative bacterium isolated from infected patient. (Adapted from PMID: 15793111). [UP000008881] Enterobacter is a genus of a common Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. [PMID: 26042091]

  • Finegold, S. M., Sutter, V. L., Sugihara, P. T., Elder, H. A., Lehmann, S. M., & Phillips, R. L. (1977). Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 30(11), 1781–1792.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Klebsiella Alt. name:  Enterobacter aerogenes Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  microaerophilic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (Salonen2014, Alkhalil2017 - high loads in several ulcerative colitis patients) and clinical sources (infections, blood, urine)
    DNA G+C(%):  54.8
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  w
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Starch:  neg Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Gluconate:  + Acetate:  d Citrate:  + Malonate:  + Mucate:  d(+)
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  vr α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg LysDC:  + OrnDC:  + Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (4–16)
    ampicillin:  R(>128/>128)
    amp-sulb:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 64, RNG: (4–>64)
    aztreonam:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piperacillin:  R(4/>128)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 64, RNG: (1–128)
    ticarcillin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.25)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125–0.25)
    meropenem:  S(0.03/0.25)
    cefamandole:  R(4/>128)
    cefazolin:  Res
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–16)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–8)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5–32)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4–>128)
    cefpirom:  S(0.025)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25–8)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  R(>128/>128)
    amikacin:  Sens
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
    netilmycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  R(>1000)
    tobramycin:  SensRNG: (0.5-1)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(0.06/0.06)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015–2)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015–0.06)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–4)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–0.125)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.12->32), MIC90: Var(0.12->32
    minocycline:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.5-≥32), MIC90: Var(≤0.5-≥32
    tigecycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.06-16), MIC90: Var(0.06-16
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): 512, MIC90: 1024, 024)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 512, MIC90: 1024, 024)
    SXT:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR KLEBSIELLA AEROGENES
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Bascomb1971 - Numerical Classification of the Tribe Klebsielleae.
  • Hormaeche1958 - Observations on the genus Aerobacter with a description of two species.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • Cakir2019 - A Very Rare Diabetic Foot Co-infection Due to Escherichia hermannii and Enterobacter aerogenes in an Elderly Patient.
  • Tindall2017 - Enterobacter aerogenes Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 (Approved Lists 1980) and Klebsiella mobilis Bascomb et al. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980) share the same nomenclatural type (ATCC 13048) on the Approved Lists and are homotypic synonyms, with consequences for the name Klebsiella mobilis Bascomb et al. 1971 (Approved Lists 1980).
  • Grimont2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XII. Enterobacter
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR KLEBSIELLA AEROGENES
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Favier2002 - Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR KLEBSIELLA AEROGENES
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: February 08, 2021