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Class | Active | Resistant |
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N/A
Outbreaks of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae within neonatal intensive care units are most commonly caused by Klebsiella species and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Similar to K. oxytoca, K. michiganensis carries a chromosomally-encoded OXY-type (Ambler class A) _-lactamase (also labelled as K1 in K. oxytoca the) which mediates resistance to amino- and carboxy-penicillins (e.g. ampicillin, ticarcillin, temocillin). Over-expression of OXY enzymes arising from mutations in regulatory genes can lead to phenotypic resistance to multiple _-lactams. Constitutive hyperproducers may also be selected during antibiotic therapy. [PMID: 25967999]
Klebsiella michiganensis was first identified from a toothbrush holder in a home in Michigan and was initially identified as Klebsiella oxytoca, to which it is closely related (99% nucleotide sequence identity in the 16S rRNA gene sequence). Since characterization, K. michiganensis has been reported in clinical settings. [PMID: 25967999]
Tullus, K., Berglund, B., Fryklund, B., Kühn, I., & Burman, L. G. (1988). Epidemiology of fecal strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 22 neonatal wards and influence of antibiotic policy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26(6), 1166–1170.
Lineage | Physiology | General | Growth Tolerances | Hydrol./digest./degr. |
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Health: Mixed
Source: human faeces (2-4% in several ulcerative colitis patients) and clinical sources (blood, urine - CCUG)
DNA G+C(%): 55-58
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Low T(℃): 5(neg)
High T(℃): 41(+)
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Monosaccharide O/F | Oligosaccharide O/F | Polysaccharide O/F | Polyol O/F | Other O/F |
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Monosaccharide util/assim | Oligosaccharide util/assim | Other carboh. util/assim | Amino acid util/assim | Organic acid util/assim |
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Enzymes: General | Enzymes: Carbohydrate | Enzymes: Protein | Enzymes: Arylamidases | Enzymes: Esters/fats |
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Fuel | Usable Metabolites | Metabolites Released | Special Products | Compounds Produced |
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Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) | Cephalosporins (μg/mL) | Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) | Macrolides (μg/mL) | Quinolones (μg/mL) |
Augmentin: S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–8)
ampicillin: Res
amp-sulb: Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4–32)
carbenicil: Res
penicillin_G: R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
piper-taz: S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1–16)
ticarcillin: R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (32->128)
doripenem: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
ertapenem: S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
imipenem: S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125–0.25)
meropenem: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.125)
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cefaclor: S(1/2)
cefamandole: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12-32)
cefazolin: RNG: (4.2-)
cefepime: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.06)
cefixime: S(≤0.125/≤0.125)
cefoperazone: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.03-8)
cefotaxime: S(MIC50): <0.03, MIC90: <0.03, RNG: (<0.03-0.06)
cefotetan: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
cefoxitin: S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
cefpodoxime: Sens
ceftazidime: S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
cefuroxime: Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
cephalothin: RNG: (4.2-)
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gentamicin: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
tobramycin: S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-8)
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azithromycin: R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (8->8)
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besifloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-8)
ciprofloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.008->8)
gatifloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-8)
levofloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-8)
moxifloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-8)
nalidixic-acid: Sens
ofloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015–0.125)
trovafloxacin: S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015–0.06)
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Tetracyclines (μg/mL) | Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) | Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) | Heterocycles (μg/mL) | Other (μg/mL) |
tetracycline: Sens
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vancomycin: R(MIC50): 1024, MIC90: 1024, 024)
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metronidazole: R(MIC50): 512, MIC90: 1024, 024)
nitrofurantoin: Res
SXT: Sens
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clindamycin: R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
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