General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview


  • Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, microaerophilic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 15 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 55-58%. Klebsiella oxytoca is a common gut coloniser. (Farmer1985; Bascomb1971; Lautrop1956; Grimont2005aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (2-4% in several ulcerative colitis patients) and clinical sources (blood, urine - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have mixed consequences for gut health.

  • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Bascomb1971); (Drancourt2001); (Lautrop1956); (Grimont2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 5℃; grows at 41℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; glucose; rhamnose; amygdalin; cellubiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; adonitol; D-arabitol; L-arabitol; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; 5-ketogluconate;
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • L-arabinose; d_arabitol; cellubiose; gluconate; glycerol; inositol; lactose; maltose; mannitol; mannose; melibiose; methyl-α-glucoside; rhamnose; salicin; sorbitol; sorbose; sucrose; trehalose; xylose; alanine; acetate; citrate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 4-hydroxybenzoate; malonate; mucate; phenylacetate; quinate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • dulcitol; melezitose; D-tagatose; D-turanose; xylitol; benzoate; D-tartrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; lycine decarboxylase; urease;

  • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Bascomb1971); (Drancourt2001); (Lautrop1956); (Grimont2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole;
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced

  • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Citron2012); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • ampicillin; carbenicillin; penicillin G; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefamandole; cefepime; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; nalidixic-acid; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • metronidazole; nitrofurantoin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • N/A

  • Outbreaks of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae within neonatal intensive care units are most commonly caused by Klebsiella species and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Similar to K. oxytoca, K. michiganensis carries a chromosomally-encoded OXY-type (Ambler class A) _-lactamase (also labelled as K1 in K. oxytoca the) which mediates resistance to amino- and carboxy-penicillins (e.g. ampicillin, ticarcillin, temocillin). Over-expression of OXY enzymes arising from mutations in regulatory genes can lead to phenotypic resistance to multiple _-lactams. Constitutive hyperproducers may also be selected during antibiotic therapy. [PMID: 25967999]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Klebsiella michiganensis was first identified from a toothbrush holder in a home in Michigan and was initially identified as Klebsiella oxytoca, to which it is closely related (99% nucleotide sequence identity in the 16S rRNA gene sequence). Since characterization, K. michiganensis has been reported in clinical settings. [PMID: 25967999]

  • Tullus, K., Berglund, B., Fryklund, B., Kühn, I., & Burman, L. G. (1988). Epidemiology of fecal strains of the family Enterobacteriaceae in 22 neonatal wards and influence of antibiotic policy. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26(6), 1166–1170.


  • Details


    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Klebsiella Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  microaerophilic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Mixed
    Source:  human faeces (2-4% in several ulcerative colitis patients) and clinical sources (blood, urine - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  55-58
    Low T(℃):  5(neg)
    High T(℃):  41(+)
    Aesculin:  + Urea:  vr Gelatin:  neg

    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  + Cellubiose:  + Maltose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  +

    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Sorbose:  + D-Tagatose:  d Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  vr Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  d Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  vr D-Arabitol:  + Dulcitol:  d Erythritol:  neg Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  d Ala:  + His:  neg Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Tyr:  neg Acetate:  + Benzoate:  d Citrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  + 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  + Malonate:  + Mucate:  + Phenylacetate:  + Quinate:  + D-Tartrate:  d

    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Urease:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  vr α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  + OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg

    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    H2S:  neg Indole:  +

    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–8)
    ampicillin:  Res
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4–32)
    carbenicil:  Res
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1–16)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (32->128)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125–0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.125)
    cefaclor:  S(1/2)
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12-32)
    cefazolin:  RNG: (4.2-)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.06)
    cefixime:  S(≤0.125/≤0.125)
    cefoperazone:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.03-8)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): <0.03, MIC90: <0.03, RNG: (<0.03-0.06)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    cefpodoxime:  Sens
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-1)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  RNG: (4.2-)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-8)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (8->8)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-8)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.008->8)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015-8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-8)
    nalidixic-acid:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015–0.125)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015–0.06)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): 1024, MIC90: 1024, 024)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 512, MIC90: 1024, 024)
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    SXT:  Sens
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)

    References


    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Bascomb1971 - Numerical Classification of the Tribe Klebsielleae.
  • Drancourt2001 - Phylogenetic analyses of Klebsiella species delineate Klebsiella and Raoultella gen. nov., with description of Raoultella ornithinolytica comb. nov., Raoultella terrigena comb. nov. and Raoultella planticola comb. nov.
  • Lautrop1956 - Gelatin-Liquefying Klebsiella Strains (Bacterium Oxytocum (Flügge)).
  • Grimont2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XVI. Klebsiella
  • Adams2011 - Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism - comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • DeLaCochetiere2004 - Early intestinal bacterial colonization and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: the putative role of Clostridium
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Tarallo2019 - Altered Fecal Small RNA Profiles in Colorectal Cancer Reflect Gut Microbiome Composition in Stool Samples
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
  • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Aujoulat2014 - Temporal dynamics of the very premature infant gut dominant microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
  • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR KLEBSIELLA OXYTOCA
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies