Kocuria polaris

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Kocuria polaris is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 72.5%. Kocuria polaris is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Reddy2003)



  • This organism has been recovered from a cyanobacterial mat. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Probably transient because optimum growth temperature is low and unlikely to be a gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Reddy2003);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.9% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 7; tolerates pH 12;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 5℃; grows at 30℃; doesn't grow at 37℃; Grows optimally at 20℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; rhamnose; ribose; xylose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • adonitol; cellubiose; fructose; galactose; glucose; glycerol; inositol; inulin; lactose; maltose; mannose; melibiose; rhamnose; sorbitol; xylose; arginine; aspartate; glycine; leucine; phenylalanine; serine; threonine; acetate; pyruvate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; lipase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Reddy2003);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • orange
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Reddy2003);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; roxithromycin;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; norfloxacin;
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; kanamycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; co-trimoxazole;
  • nitrofurantoin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • lincomycin;
  • colistin;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Micrococcales Family:  Micrococcaceae Genus:  Kocuria Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  orange
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  a cyanobacterial mat
    DNA G+C(%):  72.5
    Opt. T:  20℃
    Low T(℃):  5(+)
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    Mid T(℃):  37(neg)
    NaCl 3-5%:  2.9(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  7(+)
    pH >8:  12(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  w Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Adonitol:  + Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Inulin:  + Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  + Ala:  neg Arg:  + Asp:  + Cys:  neg Glu:  w Gly:  + His:  neg Ile:  neg Leu:  + Lys:  neg Met:  neg Phe:  + Pro:  neg Ser:  + Thr:  + Trp:  neg Tyr:  neg Val:  neg Acetate:  + Citrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  + Succinate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg ArgDH:  neg ArgDC:  neg LysDC:  neg Lipase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg Pigment:  orange
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    ampicillin:  Sens
    penicillin:  Sens
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefotaxime:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  Sens
    amikacin:  Sens
    kanamycin:  Sens
    streptomycin:  Sens
    tobramycin:  Sens
    erythromycin:  Sens
    roxithromycin:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    vancomycin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    co-trimoxazole:  Sens
    lincomycin:  Sens
    colistin:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR KOCURIA POLARIS
  • Reddy2003 - Kocuria polaris sp. nov., an orange-pigmented psychrophilic bacterium isolated from an Antarctic cyanobacterial mat sample.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR KOCURIA POLARIS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • ...............................
    • Added: January 14, 2022