Kocuria rhizophila

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Kocuria rhizophila is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 6 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 69.4%. Kocuria rhizophila is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Kovacs1999)



  • This organism has been recovered from roots of cattail plant and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Kovacs1999);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 10% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5.7; tolerates pH 7.7;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 40℃; doesn't grow at 41℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; sucrose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; adonitol; L-arabinose; dextrin; fructose; fucose; glucose; glycogen; mannose; D-turanose; xylitol; citrate; methyl pyruvate; glucuronamide;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; lipase C14; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Kovacs1999);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S (most strains; weak);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • yellow
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Kovacs1999);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; meropenem; penicillin; piperacillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefamandole; cefoperazone;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • netilmycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim;
  • nitrofurantoin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Micrococcales Family:  Micrococcaceae Genus:  Kocuria Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  yellow
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  roots of cattail plant and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  69.4
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    High T(℃):  41(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.7(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  7.7(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Tween:  40(+) 80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Glycogen:  neg Starch:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melibiose:  neg D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  neg N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  + Dextrin:  + Glycerol:  neg Glycogen:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  + Ala:  neg Glu:  neg Citrate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  w(+) Indole:  neg Pigment:  yellow
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    amp-sulb:  Sens
    penicillin:  Sens
    piperacillin:  Sens
    meropenem:  Sens
    cefalexin:  Sens
    cefamandole:  Sens
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    netilmycin:  Sens
    erythromycin:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Res
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    vancomycin:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    clindamycin:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR KOCURIA RHIZOPHILA
  • Kovacs1999 - Kocuria palustris sp. nov. and Kocuria rhizophila sp. nov., isolated from the rhizoplane of the narrow-leaved cattail (Typha angustifolia).
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR KOCURIA RHIZOPHILA
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
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    • Added: April 08, 2021