Lacrimispora indolis

(aka Clostridium indolis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Lacrimispora indolis, (aka Clostridium indolis), is a Gram-negative, spore-forming, anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 44%. Lacrimispora indolis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Rainey2011gBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Rainey2011gBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • hippurate;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 30℃; doesn't grow at 45℃; Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • pectin; pyruvate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Rainey2011gBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; butyrate; ethanol; Hâ‚‚S; ammonia; Hâ‚‚; indole;
  • ±
  • VP test:
  • strain dependent
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Sulfate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Citron2012); (Goldstein2006);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin-sulbactam;
  • Heterocycles:
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Lachnospiraceae Genus:  Lacrimispora Alt. name:  Clostridium indolis Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources
    DNA G+C(%):  44
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Hippurate:  d
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Pectin:  + Thr:  neg Citrate:  neg Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  d Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Butyrate:  + Ethanol:  + H2S:  + Ammonia:  + H2:  + Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–1)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.06–128)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–32)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–1)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06–>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LACRIMISPORA INDOLIS
  • Haas2020 - Reclassification of the Clostridium clostridioforme and Clostridium sphenoides clades as Enterocloster gen. nov. and Lacrimispora gen. nov., including reclassification of 15 taxa.
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Rainey2011gBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster XIVa
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LACRIMISPORA INDOLIS
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Mangin2004 - Molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LACRIMISPORA INDOLIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021