Lacticaseibacillus paracasei

(aka Lactobacillus paracasei)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, (aka Lactobacillus paracasei), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 15 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 45-47%. Lacticaseibacillus paracasei is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Rossi2016; Walter2008; Collins1989; Hammes2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Sanz2007), dairy products, sewage, silage, humans, and clinical sources. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 17% of Europeans (unseenbio.com). Produces GABA (Sahad2020).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1989); (Hammes2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; hippurate;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 40℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; D-tagatose; amygdalin; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melezitose; trehalose; mannitol; arbutin; gluconate; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • sorbose; inulin; D-lyxose; adonitol; dulcitol; sorbitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; acid phosphatase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Collins1989); (Hammes2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • lactate;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2013a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; azlocillin; bacampicillin; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; oxacillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; ticarcillin;
  • aztreonam; imipenem; meropenem;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefdinir; cefepime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotiam; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefixime; cefmetazole; cefotetan; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; moxalactam;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; josamycin; roxithromycin; spiramycin;
  • clarithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; doxycycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; moxifloxacin; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; sarafloxacin; sparfloxacin;
  • clavulanic-acid; enoxacin; nalidixic-acid; pefloxacin; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; tobramycin;
  • dihydrostreptomycin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; trimethoprim;
  • fusidic-acid; isoniazid; metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; linezolid; novobiocin;
  • colistin;

  • N/A

  • Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains produce the cell-surface associated cell-wall hydrolases Msp2/p40 and Msp1/p75, which display anti-apoptotic and cell-protective effects on human epithelial cells. They have been shown to bind to mucin, collagen and cultured epithelial cells. So-called collagen-binding-proteins are large extracellular peptidoglycan-bound proteins with CnaB domains which may be involved in adhesion to other cells and host tissues. [PMID: 23894338]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Lactobacillus paracasei is a member of the normal human and animal gut microbiota and is used extensively in the food industry in starter cultures for dairy products and also as bacteria with probiotic features. L. casei/paracasei strains were isolated from different ecological niches such as fermented milk or cereal products, human and animal gut or plants. [PMID: 23894338]

  • Dal Bello, F., & Hertel, C. (2006). Oral cavity as natural reservoir for intestinal lactobacilli. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 29(1), 69–76.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Lactobacillaceae Genus:  Lacticaseibacillus Alt. name:  Lactobacillus paracasei Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces (Sanz2007), dairy products, sewage, silage, humans, and clinical sources
    DNA G+C(%):  45-47
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Casein:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  d(neg) Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  d(+) Sorbose:  d(neg) D-Tagatose:  + Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  d(+) Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Sucrose:  w Trehalose:  + Turanose:  vr Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  d(neg) Starch:  neg Adonitol:  d(neg) D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  d(neg) Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  d Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  vr Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  vr α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  vr AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  vr Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Lactate:  + H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Sens
    ampicillin:  SensRNG: (0.12-4)
    azlocillin:  Sens
    aztreonam:  Res
    bacampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    cloxacillin:  S(3.9)
    dicloxacillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  Sens
    penicillin_G:  S(0.98)
    piperacillin:  Sens
    ticarcillin:  Sens
    imipenem:  Res
    meropenem:  Res
    cefaclor:  Res
    cefadroxil:  Res
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefdinir:  Sens
    cefepime:  Sens
    cefixime:  Res
    cefmetazole:  Res
    cefoperazone:  Sens
    cefotaxime:  Sens
    cefotetan:  Res
    cefotiam:  Sens
    cefoxitin:  Res
    ceftazidime:  Res
    cefuroxime:  Sens
    cephalothin:  Sens
    moxalactam:  Res
    amikacin:  Sens
    dihydrostrept:  Res
    gentamicin:  R(16-≥256)
    kanamycin:  R(250)
    neomycin:  R(62.5)
    sisomicin:  Res
    spectinomycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  R(32-≥256)
    tobramycin:  Sens
    azithromycin:  Sens
    erythromycin:  RNG: (≤0.12-≥256)
    fidaxomicin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >512, RNG: (0.25->512)
    clarithromycin:  R(>100)
    roxithromycin:  Sens
    spiramycin:  Sens
    josamycin:  Sens
    linezolid:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    clavulanate:  Res
    clinafloxacin:  Sens
    enoxacin:  Res
    gatifloxacin:  Sens
    moxifloxacin:  Sens
    nalidixic-acid:  R(>500)
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  Sens
    pefloxacin:  Res
    pipemidic_acid:  Res
    sarafloxacin:  Sens
    sparfloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Sens
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    meclocycline:  Sens
    methacycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  RNG: (0.25-128)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): 256, MIC90: >512, RNG: (0.5->512)
    bacitracin:  Sens
    rifabutin:  Sens
    rifampicin:  Sens
    rifapentine:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  S(1.9)
    isoniazid:  Res
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (2->512)
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    sulfadiazine:  Res
    sulfadimethoxine:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  Res
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    clindamycin:  SensRNG: (≤0.25-4)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    novobiocin:  S(0.98)
    colistin:  Res
    fusidic-acid:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LACTICASEIBACILLUS PARACASEI
  • Zheng2020 - A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae.
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Walter2008 - Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research.
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Collins1989 - Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Studies of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei sp. nov., subsp. paracasei and subsp. tolerans, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus sp. nov., comb. nov.
  • Hammes2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus I. Lactobacillus
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LACTICASEIBACILLUS PARACASEI
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Heilig2002 - Molecular diversity of Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria in the human intestine as determined by specific amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LACTICASEIBACILLUS PARACASEI
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Sanz2007 - Differences in faecal bacterial communities in coeliac and healthy children as detected by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
    • Added: February 08, 2021