Leuconostoc citreum

(aka Holdemania sp AP2)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Leuconostoc citreum, (aka Holdemania sp AP2), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, oval-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 38.0-40.3%. Leuconostoc citreum is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farrow1989; Holzapfel2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, food, and clinical sources (blood). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farrow1989); (Holzapfel2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 30℃; strain-variable at 37(d);
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; fructose; glucose; mannose; amygdalin; aesculin; cellubiose; gentiobiose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; mannitol; arbutin; gluconate; α-methyl glucoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • galactose; 2-ketogluconate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Holzapfel2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Pigments:
  • lemon yellow
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Farrow1989);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;

  • N/A

  • Kimchi is a popular fermented Korean food made from a variety of vegetables with assorted, often spicy seasonings such as hot pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum). Analyses of the kimchi microflora, both culture based and metagenomic, indicated that Leuconostoc citreum is a dominant microbe during the early and mid-phases of kimchi fermentation, and thus it can be useful as a starter culture. A strain of L. citreum, designated KM20, that can suppress the growth of pathogenic microorganisms such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and is cytotoxic to HT-29 cells was isolated from baechu kimchi fermented at 10��C. Genome analysis of L. citreum KM20 revealed a complete gene set for heterolactic fermentation via the phosphoketolase pathway, with an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle and a limited biosynthetic capacity for various amino acids and cofactors. An extensive set of carbohydrate hydrolase and transporter genes implies its possible lifestyle associated with plant-derived materials. In addition, multiple genes for dextransucrase and alternansucrase implicate its potential for medical application and food microbiology. [PMID: 18281406]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Lactobacilli are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract of man and animals where they are widely considered to exert a number of beneficial roles including immunomodulation, interference with enteric pathogens, and maintenance of a healthy intestinal microflora. Leuconostoc citreum is a dominant microbe during the early and mid-stages of kimchi fermentation. Kimchi is a spicy traditional Korean dish made of fermented napa cabbage and/or giant white radish with other vegetables and spices. Strain KM20 was isolated from napa kimchi fermented at 10 degrees Celsius and suppresses the growth of pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and others. [UP000002166]

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Leuconostocaceae Genus:  Leuconostoc Alt. name:  Holdemania sp AP2 Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Oval-shaped Pigment:  lemon yellow
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, food, and clinical sources (blood)
    DNA G+C(%):  38.0-40.3
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    Mid T(℃):  37(d)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d(neg) Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  d(+) Gentiobiose:  d(+) Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  d(+) Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d(+) Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  d(+) Gluconate:  d(+) 2-Ketogluconate:  d(neg) 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  d(+)
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Pigment:  lemon yellow
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    vancomycin:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LEUCONOSTOC CITREUM
  • Farrow1989 - Nucleic Acid Homologies of Some Vancomycin-Resistant Leuconostocs and Description of Leuconostoc citreum sp. nov. and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides sp. nov.
  • Holzapfel2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Leuconostocaceae, Genus I. Leuconostoc
  • Ying2020 - Gut microbiota and Chinese medicine syndrome: altered fecal microbiotas in spleen (Pi)-deficient patients
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LEUCONOSTOC CITREUM
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LEUCONOSTOC CITREUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: February 08, 2021