Levilactobacillus brevis

(aka Lactobacillus brevis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Levilactobacillus brevis, (aka Lactobacillus brevis), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 44–47%. Levilactobacillus brevis is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Pederson1938; Hammes2011dBergey; Rossi2016; Walter2008)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (infection, blood), fermented food and rats. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Produces GABA (Sahab2020). Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Pederson1938); (Hammes2011dBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • hippurate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 15℃; doesn't grow at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; ribose; xylose; maltose; melibiose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • aesculin; raffinose; sucrose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; arginine dihydrolase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Pederson1938); (Hammes2011dBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • ammonia;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Citron2012); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Citron2003); (Citron2001);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; ertapenem; imipenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • metronidazole; nitrofurantoin;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid;

  • Benno, Y., Endo, K., Mizutani, T., Namba, Y., Komori, T., & Mitsuoka, T. (1989). Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(5), 1100–1105.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Lactobacillaceae Genus:  Levilactobacillus Alt. name:  Lactobacillus brevis Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (infection, blood), fermented food and rats
    DNA G+C(%):  44–47
    Low T(℃):  15(+)
    High T(℃):  45(neg)
    		Aesculin:  d Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Casein:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  vr D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d(+) Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  d(neg) Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  d Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  vr 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  vr Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucuronidase:  vr α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  neg Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Ammonia:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(≤0.06/0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–8)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    oxacillin:  RNG: (4-32)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-4)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.015–16)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02-8)
    ertapenem:  S(0.06/0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    meropenem:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.03–>16)
    cefotaxime:  RNG: (0.25-32)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    streptomycin:  R(16-128)
    tobramycin:  RNG: (4-64)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    erythromycin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (32-128)
    clarithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125-4)
    roxithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–16)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125–8)
    ofloxacin:  RNG: (2-16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.125–16)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 512, RNG: (16-512)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–1)
    dalbavancin:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06->32)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.06–>64)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32–>32)
    bacitracin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (0.125-8)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5->32)
    nitrofurantoin:  R(16-≥256)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.02->32)
    lincomycin:  RNG: (0.25-128)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    novobiocin:  RNG: (0.25-4)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LEVILACTOBACILLUS BREVIS
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Zheng2020 - A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae.
  • Pederson1938 - The Gas-producing Species of the Genus Lactobacillus.
  • Hammes2011dBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus I. Levilactobacillus
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Walter2008 - Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research.
  • Citron2012 - In vitro activities of CB-183,315, vancomycin, and metronidazole against 556 strains of Clostridium difficile, 445 other intestinal anaerobes, and 56 Enterobacteriaceae species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Boekhorst2006 - Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus-binding domain found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria.
  • Sohier1999 - Molecular identification of Lactobacillus hilgardii and genetic relatedness with Lactobacillus brevis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LEVILACTOBACILLUS BREVIS
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LEVILACTOBACILLUS BREVIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Sanz2007 - Differences in faecal bacterial communities in coeliac and healthy children as detected by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
    • Added: April 08, 2021