Ligilactobacillus salivarius

(aka Lactobacillus salivarius)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Ligilactobacillus salivarius, (aka Lactobacillus salivarius), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 25 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 34-36%. Ligilactobacillus salivarius is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Hammes2011eBergey; Rossi2016; Walter2008; Rogosa1953)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood, vagina, gall, abscess - CCUG), oral cavity and other animal intestines. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hammes2011eBergey); (Rogosa1953);
    Character Response
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 37℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Hammes2011eBergey); (Rogosa1953);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2006);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; erythromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Moore, WEC & LV Holdeman (1974). Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 961-979.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Lactobacillaceae Genus:  Ligilactobacillus Alt. name:  Lactobacillus salivarius Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood, vagina, gall, abscess - CCUG), oral cavity and other animal intestines
    DNA G+C(%):  34-36
    Mid T(℃):  37(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Casein:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  vr Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    penicillin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-2)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–4)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    gentamicin:  RNG: (0.25-8)
    kanamycin:  RNG: (8-64)
    neomycin:  RNG: (0.5-32)
    streptomycin:  RNG: (4-128)
    erythromycin:  SensRNG: (≤0.125-4)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.015->32)
    clarithromycin:  S(1)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (32-64)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–>16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125–8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): 512, MIC90: 512, RNG: (512-1024)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.25–>64)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (2-4)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.125–>64)
    trimethoprim:  RNG: (0.25-64)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    lincomycin:  RNG: (≤0.125-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LIGILACTOBACILLUS SALIVARIUS
  • Hammes2011eBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus I. Ligilactobacillus
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Walter2008 - Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research.
  • Bajer2017 - Distinct gut microbiota profiles in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Inoue2018 - Gut Dysbiosis Associated With Hepatitis C Virus Infection
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
  • Li2019c - Gut Microbiota Differs Between Parkinson's Disease Patients and Healthy Controls in Northeast China
  • Qin2014 - Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis
  • Shimizu2019 - Relative abundance of Megamonas hypermegale and Butyrivibrio species decreased in the intestine and its possible association with the T cell aberration by metabolite alteration in patients with Behcet's disease
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Rogosa1953 - Species Differentiation of Oral Lactobacilli from Man Including Descriptions of Lactobacillus Salivarius nov spec and Lactobacillus Cellobiosus nov spec.
  • Huang2019 - Analysis of microbiota in elderly patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LIGILACTOBACILLUS SALIVARIUS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Heilig2002 - Molecular diversity of Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria in the human intestine as determined by specific amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Moore1995 - Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Urban2020 - Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LIGILACTOBACILLUS SALIVARIUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021