Limosilactobacillus fermentum

(aka Lactobacillus fermentum)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Limosilactobacillus fermentum, (aka Lactobacillus fermentum), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 23 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 52–54%. Limosilactobacillus fermentum is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Hammes2011fBergey; Rossi2016; Walter2008; Dellaglio2004; Pederson1938; Rogosa1953)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (wound, blood, respiratory tract - CCUG), sewage, and mouth. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Hammes2011fBergey); (Dellaglio2004); (Pederson1938); (Rogosa1953);
    Character Response
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 15℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; galactose; mannose; ribose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; esterase lipase C8; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; Gly arylamidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Hammes2011fBergey); (Pederson1938); (Rogosa1953);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Goldstein2013a); (Tyrrell2012); (Goldstein2006); (Citron2003); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotaxime;
  • cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • metronidazole; nitrofurantoin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid;

  • Moore, WEC & LV Holdeman (1974). Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 961-979.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Lactobacillaceae Genus:  Limosilactobacillus Alt. name:  Lactobacillus fermentum Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (wound, blood, respiratory tract - CCUG), sewage, and mouth
    DNA G+C(%):  52–54
    Low T(℃):  15(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  vr Gelatin:  neg Casein:  neg Hippurate:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  vr L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  vr Mannose:  w(+) D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  vr L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  vr Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  d(+) Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  vr 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  vr Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  vr Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg AlaPheProAA:  vr GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03–8)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-4)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.06–64)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    cefotaxime:  SensRNG: (0.125-1)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.06–>128)
    gentamicin:  RNG: (4-8)
    streptomycin:  RNG: (8-128)
    tobramycin:  RNG: (4-128)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    erythromycin:  SensRNG: (0.125-)
    fidaxomicin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >512, RNG: (0.25->512)
    clarithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125-4)
    roxithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5–16)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 64, RNG: (64-?)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–2)
    ofloxacin:  RNG: (4-16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (16-)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.06–>64)
    vancomycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    bacitracin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1–>32)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (2->512)
    nitrofurantoin:  R(32-≥256)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–>32)
    lincomycin:  RNG: (0.25-8)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.03-32)
    novobiocin:  RNG: (4-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Zheng2020 - A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae.
  • Hammes2011fBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus I. Limosilactobacillus
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Walter2008 - Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research.
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Kang2010 - Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn's disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray
  • Zhu2020 - Metagenome-wide association of gut microbiome features for schizophrenia
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Boekhorst2006 - Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus-binding domain found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria.
  • Dellaglio2004 - Reclassification of Lactobacillus cellobiosus Rogosa et al. 1953 as a later synonym of Lactobacillus fermentum Beijerinck 1901.
  • Pederson1938 - The Gas-producing Species of the Genus Lactobacillus.
  • Rogosa1953 - Species Differentiation of Oral Lactobacilli from Man Including Descriptions of Lactobacillus Salivarius nov spec and Lactobacillus Cellobiosus nov spec.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Heilig2002 - Molecular diversity of Lactobacillus spp. and other lactic acid bacteria in the human intestine as determined by specific amplification of 16S ribosomal DNA.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • Moore1974 - Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Urban2020 - Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS FERMENTUM
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Sanz2007 - Differences in faecal bacterial communities in coeliac and healthy children as detected by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis
    • Added: April 08, 2021