Limosilactobacillus reuteri

(aka Lactobacillus reuteri)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Limosilactobacillus reuteri, (aka Lactobacillus reuteri), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped - curved bacterium. It has been detected in at least 13 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40–42%. Limosilactobacillus reuteri is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Li2021; Hammes2011fBergey; Rossi2016; Walter2008; Kandler1980)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (vagina, blood - CCUG), sourdough and meat products. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Li2021); (Hammes2011fBergey); (Kandler1980);
    Character Response
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5; tolerates pH 7.5; Grows optimally at pH 6.0-6.8.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 15℃; strain-variable at 45(d); Grows optimally at 35-38℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; galactose; glucose; ribose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Hammes2011fBergey); (Kandler1980);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; lactate; ethanol; CO₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Citron2012a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; imipenem; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Quinolines:
  • moxifloxacin;
  • norfloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • spectinomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Benno, Y., Endo, K., Mizutani, T., Namba, Y., Komori, T., & Mitsuoka, T. (1989). Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55(5), 1100–1105.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Lactobacillales Family:  Lactobacillaceae Genus:  Limosilactobacillus Alt. name:  Lactobacillus reuteri Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod - curved Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (vagina, blood - CCUG), sourdough and meat products
    DNA G+C(%):  40–42
    Opt. T:  35-38℃
    Low T(℃):  15(neg)
    High T(℃):  45(d)
    Opt. pH:  6.0-6.8
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  7.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  vr Urea:  vr Gelatin:  neg Casein:  neg Arginine:  neg Hippurate:  neg Milk:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  vr Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  vr D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  vr 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  nge β-Glucuronidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  vr LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  vr Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Lactate:  + Ethanol:  + H2S:  neg CO2:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  RNG: (≤0.125-8)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    penicillin:  RNG: (≤0.125-8)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–4)
    cefalexin:  R(90-)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25–>32)
    gentamicin:  RNG: (0.25-4)
    kanamycin:  RNG: (4-64)
    neomycin:  RNG: (0.25-4)
    spectinomycin:  R(2500-)
    streptomycin:  RNG: (2-32)
    erythromycin:  SensRNG: (≤0.25-0.25)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.015->32)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125–8)
    norfloxacin:  R(1000-)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  RNG: (4-128)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.25–>64)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (2-8)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.125–>64)
    trimethoprim:  RNG: (0.25-≥256)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    lincomycin:  RNG: (≤0.125-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS REUTERI
  • Zheng2020 - A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae.
  • Li2021 - Limosilactobacillus balticus sp. nov., Limosilactobacillus agrestis sp. nov., Limosilactobacillus albertensis sp. nov., Limosilactobacillus rudii sp. nov. and Limosilactobacillus fastidiosus sp. nov., five novel Limosilactobacillus species isolated from the vertebrate gastrointestinal tract, and proposal of six subspecies of Limosilactobacillus reuteri adapted to the gastrointestinal tract of specific vertebrate hosts.
  • Hammes2011fBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Lactobacillaceae, Genus I. Limosilactobacillus
  • Rossi2016 - Mining metagenomic whole genome sequences revealed subdominant but constant Lactobacillus population in the human gut microbiota.
  • Walter2008 - Ecological role of lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract: implications for fundamental and biomedical research.
  • Sato2014 - Gut dysbiosis and detection of "live gut bacteria" in blood of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Boekhorst2006 - Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus-binding domain found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria.
  • Kandler1980 - Lactobacillus reuteri sp. nov., a New Species of Heterofermentative Lactobacilli.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS REUTERI
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LIMOSILACTOBACILLUS REUTERI
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021