Listeria monocytogenes

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 37–39%. Listeria monocytogenes is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Wilkinson1977; Orsi2016; Mclauchlin2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (McLauchlin2011Bergey), clinical sources (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, fetus - CCUG) and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: zoonotic pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Wilkinson1977); (Orsi2016); (Mclauchlin2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; hippurate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 10(d)%;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 5℃; grows at 35℃; strain-variable at 45(d);
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; amygdalin; dextrin; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; trehalose; D-arabitol; glycerol; xylitol; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside; β-methyl glucoside; methyl mannoside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • galactose; melezitose; 5-ketogluconate;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • hippurate; malate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • glucose-1-phosphate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; catalase; chymotrypsin; esterase C4; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; α-mannosidase; β-mannosidase; phosphoamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • N-Ac α-glucosaminidase; leucine esterase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Wilkinson1977); (Orsi2016); (Mclauchlin2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Wilkinson1977);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ertapenem; imipenem; penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cephalothin;
  • cefaclor; cefixime; cefpodoxime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; josamycin; oleandomycin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; doxycycline; minocycline; tigecycline;
  • oxytetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • netilmycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • sulfanilamide;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid; novobiocin; telithromycin;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Listeriaceae Genus:  Listeria Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (McLauchlin2011Bergey), clinical sources (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, fetus - CCUG) and the environment
    DNA G+C(%):  37–39
    Low T(℃):  5(+)
    Mid T(℃):  35(+)
    High T(℃):  45(d)
    NaCl >6%:  10(d)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  d Hippurate:  + Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d(neg) Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  vr Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Dextrin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  + Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  d Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  + Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Hippurate:  + Acetate:  neg Citrate:  neg Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-α-glcamnd:  d Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  + β-Mannosidase:  + D-AlaninePA:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  + GluDC:  neg LysAP:  neg AlanineAA:  vr AlaPheProAA:  neg CystineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  + LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  neg Leu esterase:  d Lipase(C14):  neg Phosphoamidase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03->32)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.06-0.25)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.008->16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.008-4)
    cefaclor:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >64, RNG: (16->64)
    cefamandole:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 32
    cefazolin:  RNG: (0.67-)
    cefdinir:  RNG: (12-)
    cefixime:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (>64-)
    cefotaxime:  RNG: (8-)
    cefpodoxime:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >64, RNG: (2->64)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-8)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >64, RNG: (1->64)
    cephalothin:  S(0.5/>32)
    netilmycin:  R(≥2.5)
    streptomycin:  SensRNG: (2-)
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.06-0.25)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06-0.125)
    oleandomycin:  Sens
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    josamycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 2
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/1)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-1)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-2)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12-0.25)
    oxytetracycline:  R(≥58)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-4)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (1.95-)
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    daptomycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-8)
    novobiocin:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
  • Jones1983 - Designation of a New Type Strain for Listeria monocytogenes Request for an Opinion.
  • Kathariou1991 - The Type Strain(s) of Listeria monocytogenes: A Source of Continuing Difficulties.
  • Nwaiwu2020 - What are the recognized species of the genus Listeria?.
  • Wilkinson1977 - A Numerical Taxonomic Survey of Listeria and Related Bacteria.
  • Orsi2016 - Characteristics and distribution of Listeria spp., including Listeria species newly described since 2009
  • Mclauchlin2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Listeriaceae, Genus I. Listeria
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • Vos2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology: Vol. 3. The Firmicutes
  • BacDiveAPI - BacDive API(R) test finder (bacdive.dsmz.de/api-test-finder)
    • Added: April 22, 2021