Micrococcus luteus

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Micrococcus luteus is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, aerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 70-71%. Micrococcus luteus is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Fox1976; Wieser2002; Chen2009)



  • This organism has been recovered from sludge, painting, clinical samples (blood - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Data combined for biovars I, II and III
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Fox1976); (Wieser2002); (Chen2009);
    Character Response
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 10% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 6; tolerates pH 10;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 4℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • D-arabinose; fructose; glucose; mannose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; arbutin; 5-ketogluconate; α-methyl glucoside; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glucose; mannose; sucrose; aspartate; propionate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase; Tyr arylamidase; Val arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Fox1976); (Wieser2002); (Chen2009);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • yellow
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • penicillin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Micrococcales Family:  Micrococcaceae Genus:  Micrococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  yellow
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  sludge, painting, clinical samples (blood - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  70-71
    Low T(℃):  4(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  10(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6(neg)
    pH >8:  10(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  vr Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Casein:  vr Hippurate:  neg Tween:  20(+) 80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  vr Cellubiose:  neg Maltose:  vr Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  vr N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  neg Adonitol:  vr Amygdalin:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg Inositol:  vr Mannitol:  vr Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Ala:  neg β-Ala:  neg 4-Aminobutyrate:  vr Asp:  + His:  vr Leu:  neg Orn:  neg Phe:  neg Pro:  vr Ser:  neg Trp:  neg Acetate:  neg Aconitate:  neg Adipate:  neg Azelate:  neg Fumarate:  vr Glutarate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  vr 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  vr L-Malate:  neg Mesaconate:  neg Phenylacetate:  neg Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  vr Suberate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  + Urease:  vr Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg Chymotrypsin:  vr LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Trypsin:  vr AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  + AspAA:  neg CystineAA:  neg LeuAA:  + ProAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  + TyrAA:  + ValAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  vr
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  yellow
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  RNG: (12.5-)
    ampicillin:  RNG: (2-)
    penicillin:  SensRNG: (1-)
    streptomycin:  RNG: (6.25-)
    erythromycin:  SensRNG: (4-)
    ciprofloxacin:  SensRNG: (0.625-)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    oxytetracycline:  RNG: (4-)
    tetracycline:  RNG: (31.25-)
    chloramphenicol:  SensRNG: (1-)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS
  • Fox1976 - Differentiation of Micrococcus luteus and Micrococcus varians on the Basis of Catalase Isoenzymes.
  • Wieser2002 - Emended descriptions of the genus Micrococcus, Micrococcus luteus (Cohn 1872) and Micrococcus lylae (Kloos et al. 1974).
  • Chen2009 - Micrococcus endophyticus sp. nov., isolated from surface-sterilized Aquilaria sinensis roots.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS
  • Hoyles2012 - Recognition of greater diversity of Bacillus species and related bacteria in human faeces.
    • Added: April 08, 2021