Moraxella catarrhalis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Moraxella catarrhalis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40-43%. Moraxella catarrhalis is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Juni2005aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (blood, sputum, wound - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • Obligate aerobe; unlikely to be a gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Juni2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • DNA;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 33-35℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • arginine; glycine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala-Phe-Pro arylamidase; catalase; DNase; esterase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; Leu arylamidase; lipase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Juni2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Juni2005aBergey); (Goldstein2003a); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G;
  • amoxicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefotaxime; cefpirom; cefpodoxime; cefprozil; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin; rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; fusidic-acid;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • telithromycin;
  • linezolid;

  • Drasar, BS & MJ Hill (1974). Composition of the gut flora. Human intestinal flora. Vol. (BS Drasar and MJ Hill, eds.), pp. 26-35 Academic Press Inc. Ltd., London.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Pseudomonadales Family:  Moraxellaceae Genus:  Moraxella Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  neg
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  clinical sources (blood, sputum, wound - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  40-43
    Opt. T:  33-35℃
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg DNA:  + Hippurate:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Turanose:  neg Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg NAc-α-GA:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arg:  + Gly:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg AlaPheProAA:  + LeuAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  vr AcidP:  neg DNAse:  + Esterase:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (2->16)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.008-0.12)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.015-32)
    penicillin:  Var(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤0.015->8)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015–0.5)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (≤0.008-0.25)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.063, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.008-0.125)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.004, MIC90: 0.008, RNG: (0.002-0.008)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-4)
    cefadroxil:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤1->16)
    cefdinir:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-4)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (<0.03-0.5)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.008-2)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-4)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.063-2)
    cefprozil:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (<0.12-8)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015-0.25)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.5->4)
    cephalothin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): ≤1, MIC90: ≤1, RNG: (≤1-2)
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-0.5)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-0.25)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-0.5)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-0.5)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.001-4)
    linezolid:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015-0.12)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.015-0.03)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.015, MIC90: ≤0.015, RNG: (≤0.015-)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.004-0.06)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.008-0.25)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.004-0.5)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.008-0.03)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015-2)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-4)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.12)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): <0.12, MIC90: <0.12, RNG: (<0.12-0.5)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (<0.008-0.06)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–1)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (2-16)
    tigecycline:  SensRNG: (≤0.06-0.12)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.8, MIC90: 0.8, RNG: (8–>8)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-4)
    rifampicin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: ≤0.5, RNG: (≤0.5-)
    chloramphenicol:  Var(MIC50): ≤8, MIC90: ≤8, RNG: (≤8-?)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (<0.25->8)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.016->256)
    fusidic-acid:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS
  • Bovre1979 - Proposal to Divide the Genus Moraxella Lwoff 1939 emend. Henriksen and Bovre 1968 into Two Subgenera, Subgenus Moraxella (Lwoff 1939) Bovre 1979 and Subgenus Branhamella (Catlin 1970) Bovre 1979.
  • Juni2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Moraxellaceae, Genus I. Moraxella
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021