Paenibacillus alvei

(aka Bacillus alvei)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paenibacillus alvei, (aka Bacillus alvei), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 2 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 45–47%. Paenibacillus alvei is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Djordjevic2000; Priest2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from a beehive and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients, invertebrate pathogen). Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Borderline cold mesophile, with optimum growth temp of 28C. Unlikely gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Djordjevic2000); (Priest2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin; starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • tyrosine; urea;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2.0% salt; strain-variable at 5.0(d)%; doesn't tolerate 7.0% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 28℃; doesn't grow at 50℃; Grows optimally at 28℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; ribose; aesculin; starch; cellubiose; maltose; glycerol; arbutin; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • galactose; amygdalin; gentiobiose; trehalose; adonitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; pyrrolidine arylamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Priest2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Reva1995);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; benzylpenicillin; carbenicillin; oxacillin;
  • Macrolides:
  • oleandomycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • NOTES

    Cannot fix N2. Produces dihydroxyacetone as a metabolite.

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Paenibacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus alvei Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  a beehive and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  45–47
    Opt. T:  28℃
    Lower T(℃):  28(+)
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2.0(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  5.0(d)
    NaCl >6%:  7.0(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  d Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  + Tyrosine:  d
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  d Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  d Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  d Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  d(+) Adonitol:  d D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  d(+) Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Citrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  vr Ac-β-glcamnd:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg PyrrolidAA:  + AlkalineP:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    carbenicil:  Sens
    oxacillin:  Sens
    oleandomycin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS ALVEI
  • Djordjevic2000 - Genetic and Biochemical Diversity among Isolates of Paenibacillus alvei Cultured from Australian Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Colonies.
  • Reva1995 - Antibiotic Susceptibility as a Taxonomic Characteristic of the Genus Bacillus.
  • Priest2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus I. Paenibacillus
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENIBACILLUS ALVEI
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS ALVEI
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021