Paenibacillus borealis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paenibacillus borealis is a Gram-negative, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 54%. Paenibacillus borealis is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Priest2011Bergey; Elo2000; Elo2001)



  • This organism has been recovered from acid humus, Finland. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Fixes N2. Borderline cold mesophile, with optimum growth temp of 28C. Unlikely gut coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Priest2011Bergey); (Elo2000); (Elo2001);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; chitin; pectin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2% salt; doesn't tolerate 5% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5.6; tolerates pH 8.0; Grows optimally at pH 7.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 5℃; grows at 37℃; doesn't grow at 50℃; Grows optimally at 28℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; xylose; amygdalin; aesculin; glycogen; inulin; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melezitose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; D-arabitol; glycerol; mannitol; arbutin; α-methyl glucoside; methyl xyloside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-tagatose; sorbitol; xylitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • amygdalin; cellubiose; fructose; gluconate; glucose; maltose; maltotriose; mannose; melibiose; salicin; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; propionate; pyruvate; mannan; maltitol; psicose; methyl pyruvate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • L-arabinose; arbutin; galactose; glycogen; lactose; raffinose; 3-hydroxybutyrate; methyl-β-glucoside; methyl-α-galactoside; 2,3-butanediol; lactulose; palatinose; α-ketovalerate; 2-hydroxybutyrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; catalase; β-glucosidase; lecithinase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • α-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Priest2011Bergey); (Elo2001);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Paenibacillus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  acid humus, Finland
    DNA G+C(%):  54
    Opt. T:  28℃
    Low T(℃):  5(+)
    Mid T(℃):  37(+)
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  5(neg)
    Opt. pH:  7
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.6(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  8.0(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Gelatin:  neg Starch:  neg Casein:  + Chitin:  + Pectin:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  d(neg) Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  + Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  + Inulin:  + Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  d Xylitol:  d Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d(+) Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  + NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  d(neg) Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  d(neg) Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  d(+) Raffinose:  d(neg) Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  neg Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  d Gluconate:  + Glycogen:  d(neg) Inositol:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Ala:  neg D-Ala:  neg β-Ala:  neg 4-Aminobutyrate:  neg Asp:  neg Glu:  neg His:  neg Leu:  neg Orn:  neg Phe:  neg Pro:  neg Ser:  neg Trp:  neg Acetate:  neg Aconitate:  cis(neg) Adipate:  neg Azelate:  neg Citrate:  neg Fumarate:  neg Glutarate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  d(neg) 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  neg L-Malate:  neg Mesaconate:  neg Phenylacetate:  neg Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  d(+) Suberate:  neg Succinate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  d β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  neg AlanineAA:  neg ProAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  neg Lecithinase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Indole:  neg

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS BOREALIS
  • Priest2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus I. Paenibacillus
  • Elo2000 - Humus bacteria of Norway spruce stands: plant growth promoting properties and birch, red fescue and alder colonizing capacity.
  • Elo2001 - Paenibacillus borealis sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from spruce forest humus in Finland.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENIBACILLUS BOREALIS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
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    • Added: January 14, 2022