Paenibacillus lactis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paenibacillus lactis is a Gram-negative, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 3 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 51.7%. Paenibacillus lactis is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Scheldeman2004a; Priest2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from raw and heat-treated milk and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal. Robust growth can have positive consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Scheldeman2004a); (Priest2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; starch;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 5; tolerates pH 6.0-8.0; tolerates pH 10.5; Grows optimally at pH 7.0.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 30℃; grows at 50℃; Grows optimally at 30–40℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; glucose; mannose; ribose; xylose; amygdalin; glycogen; starch; cellubiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; mannitol; arbutin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-arabinose; fucose; galactose; gentiobiose; melezitose; gluconate; α-methyl glucoside; methyl xyloside; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • melibiose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; β-galactosidase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Scheldeman2004a); (Priest2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Nitrate:
  • reduction is variable

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Paenibacillus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Positive
    Source:  raw and heat-treated milk and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  51.7
    Opt. T:  30–40℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(+)
    High T(℃):  50(+)
    Opt. pH:  7.0
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0-8.0(+)
    pH >8:  10.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Starch:  + Casein:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  d L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  d D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  d Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  d Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  + Glycogen:  + Inulin:  neg Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  d 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  d Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  d NAc-α-GA:  d Salicin:  d
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  + Citrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg TrpAA:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS LACTIS
  • Scheldeman2004a - Paenibacillus lactis sp. nov., isolated from raw and heat-treated milk.
  • Priest2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus I. Paenibacillus
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENIBACILLUS LACTIS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Qin2012 - Metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS LACTIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 08, 2021