Paenibacillus larvae

(aka Bacillus larvae)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paenibacillus larvae, (aka Bacillus larvae), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 42-43%. Paenibacillus larvae is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Priest2011Bergey; Heyndrickx1996; Genersch2006)



  • This organism has been recovered from honeybee larva, and causes American foulbrood disease. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Priest2011Bergey); (Heyndrickx1996); (Genersch2006);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 2% salt; doesn't tolerate 5% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 5.7;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; doesn't grow at 50℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; mannose; ribose; trehalose; glycerol; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • fructose; galactose; D-tagatose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Priest2011Bergey); (Heyndrickx1996);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • Hâ‚‚S; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • Lysozyme:
  • growth observed (0.001%)
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduction is variable
  • Pigments:
  • orange

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Paenibacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus larvae Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  orange
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  honeybee larva, and causes American foulbrood disease
    DNA G+C(%):  42-43
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2(+)
    NaCl 3-5%:  5(neg)
    pH 4.2-5.9:  5.7(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  + Tyrosine:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  d Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  neg Gluconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Citrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg ArgDH:  d Phe deaminase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  orange

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS LARVAE
  • Priest2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus I. Paenibacillus
  • Ash1993 - Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. Proposal for the creation of a new genus Paenibacillus.
  • Heyndrickx1996 - Reclassification of Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) pulvifaciens (Nakamura 1984) Ash et al. 1994, a later subjective synonym of Paenibacillus (formerly Bacillus) larvae (White 1906) Ash et al. 1994, as a subspecies of P. larvae, with emended descriptions of P. larvae as P. larvae subsp. larvae and P. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens.
  • Genersch2006 - Reclassification of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae as Paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENIBACILLUS LARVAE
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
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    • Added: January 14, 2022