Paenibacillus macerans

(aka Bacillus macerans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paenibacillus macerans, (aka Bacillus macerans), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 52-53%. Paenibacillus macerans is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Priest2011Bergey; Zhou2012; Kobayashi2019)



  • This organism has been recovered from composting plant material. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. A possible gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Can fix N2 under anaerobic conditions.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Priest2011Bergey); (Zhou2012); (Kobayashi2019);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • gelatin; pectin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 5% salt; Grows optimally with 0-1% salt.
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 50(d); Grows optimally at 30℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; ribose; xylose; amygdalin; glycogen; starch; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melezitose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; D-arabitol; glycerol; arbutin; gluconate; α-methyl glucoside; methyl xyloside; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-arabinose; fucose; aesculin; inulin; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; 2-ketogluconate; methyl mannoside; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • citrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; catalase; chymotrypsin; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; Leu arylamidase; α-mannosidase; naphthol-ASBI-P;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Priest2011Bergey); (Zhou2012); (Kobayashi2019);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; ethanol;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • Lysozyme:
  • growth observed (0.001%)
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Reva1995);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Macrolides:
  • oleandomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Paenibacillus Alt. name:  Bacillus macerans Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  composting plant material
    DNA G+C(%):  52-53
    Opt. T:  30℃
    High T(℃):  50(d)
    NaCl 3-5%:  5(neg)
    		Gelatin:  d Starch:  + Casein:  neg Tyrosine:  neg Pectin:  d
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  d L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  d D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  + Aesculin:  d Glycogen:  + Inulin:  d Starch:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  d Mannitol:  d Sorbitol:  d Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  d 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-α-D-Mann:  d Me-Xyloside:  + NAc-α-GA:  d Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Citrate:  d
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  + Chymotrypsin:  + Trypsin:  neg CystineAA:  neg LeuAA:  + ValAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Ethanol:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    oxacillin:  I
    oleandomycin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    chloramphenicol:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS MACERANS
  • Reva1995 - Antibiotic Susceptibility as a Taxonomic Characteristic of the Genus Bacillus.
  • Priest2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus I. Paenibacillus
  • Ash1993 - Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. Proposal for the creation of a new genus Paenibacillus.
  • Zhou2012 - Paenibacillus thermophilus sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a sediment of hot spring in Fujian province, China.
  • Kobayashi2019 - Reclassification of Paenibacillus thermophilus Zhou et al. 2013 as a later heterotypic synonym of Paenibacillus macerans (Schardinger 1905) Ash et al. 1994.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENIBACILLUS MACERANS
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
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    • Added: January 14, 2022