Paenibacillus polymyxa

(aka Clostridium polymyxa)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paenibacillus polymyxa, (aka Clostridium polymyxa), is a Gram-negative, spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 43-46%. Paenibacillus polymyxa is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Priest2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from rhizosphere, clinical sources (blood - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Is a rare opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Priest2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; casein; gelatin; pectin; starch;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 2(d)%;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 50℃; Grows optimally at 30℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; ribose; xylose; amygdalin; aesculin; glycogen; inulin; starch; xylan; cellubiose; gentiobiose; lactose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; glycerol; mannitol; arbutin; gluconate; α-methyl glucoside; methyl xyloside; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • L-arabinose; arbutin; cellubiose; fructose; galactose; gluconate; glucose; maltose; mannose; melibiose; ribose; sucrose; trehalose; xylose; maltitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Priest2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • ethanol; CO₂; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ±
  • Lysozyme:
  • strain-dependent (0.001%)
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; benzylpenicillin; carbenicillin; oxacillin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Paenibacillaceae Genus:  Paenibacillus Alt. name:  Clostridium polymyxa Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  rhizosphere, clinical sources (blood - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  43-46
    Opt. T:  30℃
    High T(℃):  50(neg)
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  2(d)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Casein:  + Tyrosine:  neg Pectin:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  + Amygdalin:  + Aesculin:  + Glycogen:  + Inulin:  + Starch:  + Xylan:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Xylitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  + Me-Xyloside:  + NAc-α-GA:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Maltose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  neg Adonitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Ala:  neg Asp:  neg Leu:  neg Acetate:  neg Aconitate:  cis(neg) Citrate:  neg Fumarate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg L-Malate:  neg Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Ethanol:  + CO2:  + H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    carbenicil:  Sens
    oxacillin:  Sens
    oleandomycin:  I
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENIBACILLUS POLYMYXA
  • Priest2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Paenibacillaceae, Genus I. Paenibacillus
  • Truper2005 - Judicial Commission Of The International Committee On Systematics Of Prokaryotes. The type species of the genus Paenibacillus Ash et al. 1994 is Paenibacillus polymyxa. Opinion 77.
  • Ash1993 - Molecular identification of rRNA group 3 bacilli (Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins) using a PCR probe test. Proposal for the creation of a new genus Paenibacillus.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENIBACILLUS POLYMYXA
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
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    • Added: December 15, 2021