Paeniclostridium sordellii

(aka Clostridium sordellii)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Paeniclostridium sordellii, (aka Clostridium sordellii), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, variably-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 14 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 26%. Paeniclostridium sordellii is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Jyothsna2016; Hall1927; Nakamura1975; Rainey2011fBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (wounds, abscesses), and animal sources. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Jyothsna2016); (Hall1927); (Nakamura1975); (Rainey2011fBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin; hippurate; urea;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin; DNA;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 8.5;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; maltose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • maltose; alanine; aspartate; glutamate; glycine; isoleucine; leucine; methionine; phenylalanine; proline; serine; threonine; tryptophan; pyruvate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • fructose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; α-glucosidase; lecithinase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Jyothsna2016); (Rainey2011fBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; lactate (minor); isobutyrate (minor); ethanolminor; propanolminor; isovalerate (minor); H₂S (most strains); ammonia; H₂; indole;
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta (weak)
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003); (Jyothsna2016); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2014); (Goldstein2013b); (Goldstein2006); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2000a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefixime; cefotaxime; cefoxitin; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • cefotiam; ceftizoxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • ranbezolid;
  • daptomycin;

  • N/A

  • Infection with this organism typically manifests as a patient experiencing septic shock rapidly followed by end-organ failure. The virulence of such C. sordellii strains is related to their production of exotoxins that cause toxic shock syndrome, even when there are minimal signs of tissue infection. [PMID: 27371657]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Clostridium sordellii (C. sordellii) is an anaerobic gram-positive rod most commonly found in the soil and sewage but also as part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and vagina of a small percentage of healthy individuals. C. sordellii infection is considered to result from childbirth, abortion, and/or gynecological procedures. Although many strains of C. sordellii are nonpathogenic, virulent toxin-producing strains exist. Infection with this organism typically manifests as a patient experiencing septic shock rapidly followed by end-organ failure. The virulence of such C. sordellii strains is related to their production of exotoxins that cause toxic shock syndrome, even when there are minimal signs of tissue infection. [PMID: 27371657]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Peptostreptococcaceae Genus:  Paeniclostridium Alt. name:  Clostridium sordellii Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  vr Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (wounds, abscesses), and animal sources
    DNA G+C(%):  26
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    pH >8:  8.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  d Urea:  + Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  w DNA:  d Hippurate:  d(+) Milk:  w Meat:  w
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Inulin:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d Galactose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  w(+) Melezitose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inositol:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  neg Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Ala:  + Asp:  + Glu:  + Gly:  + Ile:  + Leu:  + Met:  + Phe:  + Pro:  + Ser:  + Thr:  + Trp:  + Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  vr α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  neg GluGluAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  neg PyrrolidAA:  vr Lecithinase:  + Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Lactate:  minor(+) Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Ethanol:  minor Propanol:  minor Isovalerate:  minor(+) H2S:  d(+) Ammonia:  + H2:  + Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.125-0.5)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.125-0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-0.25)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.125-16)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–64)
    doripenem:  SensRNG: (0.03-)
    ertapenem:  SensRNG: (0.03-)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    cefaclor:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: -, RNG: (8-32)
    cefamandole:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1-16)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: -, RNG: (1-64)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.25-128)
    cefotaxime:  SensRNG: (0.25-0.5)
    cefotetan:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-4)
    cefotiam:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (1-128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–4)
    cefpodoxime:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.25-16)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (1-16)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    ceftizoxime:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.125->128)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-4)
    moxalactam:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    fidaxomicin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.016-0.06)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    linezolid:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-8)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12-32)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12-16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->32)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06-4)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-1)
    bacitracin:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5–32)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.125–>32)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.125-1)
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.008-0.06)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.016->64)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PAENICLOSTRIDIUM SORDELLII
  • Goldstein2003 - In Vitro Activities of Daptomycin, Vancomycin, Quinupristin- Dalfopristin, Linezolid, and Five Other Antimicrobials against 307 Gram-Positive Anaerobic and 31 Corynebacterium Clinical Isolates.
  • Jyothsna2016 - Paraclostridium benzoelyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment and reclassification of Clostridium bifermentans as Paraclostridium bifermentans comb. nov. Proposal of a new genus Paeniclostridium gen. nov. to accommodate Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium ghonii.
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2014 - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against 162 strains from 35 less frequently recovered intestinal Clostridium species: implications for Clostridium difficile recurrence.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Hall1927 - Bacillus Sordellii, A Cause of Malignant Edema in Man.
  • Nakamura1975 - Reinvestigation of the Taxonomy of Clostridium Bifermentans and Clostridium Sordellii.
  • Rainey2011fBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae, Genus I. Clostridium - Cluster XI
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PAENICLOSTRIDIUM SORDELLII
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PAENICLOSTRIDIUM SORDELLII
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: February 08, 2021