Pantoea agglomerans

(aka Enterobacter agglomerans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Pantoea agglomerans, (aka Enterobacter agglomerans), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 8 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 49.7-60.6%. Pantoea agglomerans is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farmer1985; Brady2010; Grimont2005bBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (blood, sputum - CCUG) and human faeces (including ulcerative colitis patients). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. Could be a possible pathogen in humans, but unknown at this stage. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • aka Erwinia herbicola. Can reduce Fe(III) with acetate as an electron donor.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Brady2010); (Grimont2005bBergey);
    Character Response
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 28-30℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; rhamnose; ribose; xylose; amygdalin; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; N-Ac glucosamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose; raffinose; glycerol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; L-arabinose; cellubiose; fructose; galactose; gluconate; glucose; glycerol; inositol; mannose; methyl-α-glucoside; rhamnose; sucrose; trehalose; xylose; alanine; aspartate; glutamate; histidine; serine; acetate; aconitate; DL-lactate; glutamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • maltose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; esterase lipase C8; γ-Glu transferase; Leu arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • phenylalanine deaminase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Brady2010); (Grimont2005bBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ±
  • VP test:
  • active for most strains
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Grimont2005bBergey); (Kumar1978); (Goldstein2003a); (Sanders1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • carbenicillin; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; penicillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefamandole; cefoxitin;
  • cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; netilmycin; sisomicin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; co-trimoxazole; nitrofurantoin; sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Dubourg, G., Lagier, J. C., Armougom, F., Robert, C., Hamad, I., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2013). The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases: Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 32(5), 637–645.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Pantoea Alt. name:  Enterobacter agglomerans Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (blood, sputum - CCUG) and human faeces (including ulcerative colitis patients)
    DNA G+C(%):  49.7-60.6
    Opt. T:  28-30℃
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  vr Pectin:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  + Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  vr Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  vr L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  d Inositol:  vr Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg NAc-α-GA:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  d Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Sorbitol:  neg Ala:  + Asp:  + Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  + Ser:  + Tryptamine:  neg Tyr:  neg Acetate:  + Aconitate:  cis(+) Benzoate:  neg Caprate:  neg Caprylate:  neg Glutarate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Itaconate:  neg DL-Lactate:  + Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg Valerate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Urease:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg γ-Glu transf.:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  d LeuAA:  + AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (4->8)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.5–>16)
    ampicillin:  Res
    carbenicil:  Sens
    penicillin:  R(5U)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piper-taz:  S(≤1/4)
    ertapenem:  S(≤0.125/≤0.125)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤1-2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 0.12
    cefamandole:  Sens
    cefepime:  RNG: (7.81-)
    cefoxitin:  Sens
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12->8)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  Res
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, RNG: (1-8)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤1->4)
    kanamycin:  S(30)
    neomycin:  S(10)
    netilmycin:  SensRNG: (0.25-2)
    sisomicin:  SensRNG: (0.125-1)
    streptomycin:  S(25)
    tobramycin:  SensRNG: (0.25-1)
    erythromycin:  R(10)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.06)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (<0.008-0.12)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015-0.06)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-0.12)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.12)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-1)
    chloramphenicol:  S(50)
    nitrofurantoin:  S(200)
    sulfamethoxazole:  S(200)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: ≤0.5, RNG: (≤0.5-)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.008-0.06)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Brady2010 - Emended description of the genus Pantoea, description of four species from human clinical samples, Pantoea septica sp. nov., Pantoea eucrina sp. nov., Pantoea brenneri sp. nov. and Pantoea conspicua sp. nov., and transfer of Pectobacterium cypripedii (Hori 1911) Brenner et al. 1973 emend. Hauben et al. 1998 to the genus as Pantoea cypripedii comb. nov.
  • Walterson2015 - Pantoea: insights into a highly versatile and diverse genus within the Enterobacteriaceae.
  • Grimont2005bBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXIII. Pantoea
  • Kumar1978 - Enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance from clinical cases in man and animals and detection of toads and wall lizards as their reservoirs.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Sanders1997 - Enterobacter spp.: pathogens poised to flourish at the turn of the century.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021