Phocaeicola vulgatus

(aka Bacteroides vulgatus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Phocaeicola vulgatus, (aka Bacteroides vulgatus), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 43 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40-42%. Phocaeicola vulgatus is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Eggerth1933; Song2010Bergeys; Browne2016; Cato1976a; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (CCUG) and clinical sources (blood, lymph node, abscess - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread (notes: opportunistic in immunocompromised patients). Can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in immunocompromised people. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Eggerth1933); (Song2010Bergeys); (Cato1976a);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin; mucin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Resistant to 20% bile
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; fructose; fucose; galactose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; dextrin; glycogen; inulin; starch; lactose; maltose; raffinose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • ribose; aesculin; xylan;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glucosamine; D-glucuronate; D-galacturonate; mucin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; arabinosidase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucuronidase; Glu-Glu arylamidase; Gly arylamidase; G6PDH and 6PGDH; Leu-Gly arylamidase; β-mannosidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • fucosidase; glutamic acid decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Eggerth1933); (Song2010Bergeys); (Cato1976a);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate (major); propionate (minor); lactate; succinate (major); H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • isobutyrate; isovalerate; indole;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Song2010Bergeys); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2013a); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Citron2003); (Betriu2001); (Citron2001); (Goldstein1999); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin-sulbactam; azlocillin; bacampicillin; benzylpenicillin; cloxacillin; dicloxacillin; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • amoxicillin; ampicillin; aztreonam; oxacillin; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefdinir; cefoxitin; cephalothin;
  • cefaclor; cefadroxil; cefalexin; cefamandole; cefepime; cefmetazole; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotiam; cefprozil; ceftazidime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • josamycin; spiramycin;
  • azithromycin; fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • chlortetracycline; doxycycline; meclocycline; methacycline; minocycline; oxytetracycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin; enoxacin; garenoxacin; gemifloxacin; pefloxacin; sarafloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • ciprofloxacin; clavulanic-acid; nalidixic-acid; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; pipemidic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; dihydrostreptomycin; gentamicin; kanamycin; neomycin; sisomicin; spectinomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • rifabutin; rifampicin; rifapentine;
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; fusidic-acid; metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • fosfomycin; isoniazid; sulfadiazine; sulfadimethoxine; sulfamethoxazole; sulfanilamide; trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin; linezolid; ranbezolid;
  • daptomycin; colistin;
  • NOTES

    Bacteroides vulgatus mpk, which has been shown to prevent Escherichia coli-induced colitis in gnotobiotic interleukin-2-deficient (IL2_/_) mice by induction of host anti-inflammatory immune responses. The pool of different Bacteroides sp. in the gut ecosystem provides a diverse collection of phenotypic strain variations with various fitness advantages. Besides the abovementioned immunomodulatory functions, Bacteroides species have the potential to contain enterotoxins , different gene clusters to degrade a variety of dietary polysaccharides, and many mobile genetic elements. [PMID: 27071651] Bacteroides vulgatus strain mpk, a mouse fecal isolate which was shown to promote intestinal homeostasis, utilizes a variety of mobile elements for genome evolution. [PMID: 27071651]

  • In a study, B. vulgatus ATCC 8482 has shown to be highly resistant to inorganic arsenic, most likely the result of expression of the genes of chromosomal ars operon. Species within the Bacteroides genus, including B. vulgatus, colonize the intestinal tract of humans commensally. They increase nutrient utilization by their hosts through biodegradation of complex polysaccharides into more easily digested simpler sugars. [PMID: 27040269]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Bacteroides vulgatus is a member of the normal distal human gut microbiota. The distal gut microbiota contain more bacterial cells than all of our body's other microbial communities combined. More than 90% of phylogenetic types belong to two divisions, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes, with the remaining types distributed among eight other divisions. B.vulgatus is the only sequenced Bacteroidetes that possesses a gene coding for a xylanase. It has the largest and most complete set of enzymes that target pectin. [UP000002861]

  • Eggerth, A. H., & Gagnon, B. H. (1933). The Bacteroides of human feces. Journal of Bacteriology, 25(4), 389–413.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Bacteroidetes Class:  Bacteroidia Order:  Bacteroidales Family:  Bacteroidaceae Genus:  Phocaeicola Alt. name:  Bacteroides vulgatus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces (CCUG) and clinical sources (blood, lymph node, abscess - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  40-42
    Bile reaction(%):  20(+)
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Hippurate:  neg Milk:  curdle(d)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Ribose:  d D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  w Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Dextrin:  + Aesculin:  d Glycogen:  + Inulin:  + Starch:  + Xylan:  d D-Arabitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Gluconate:  neg Glucosamine:  + Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg G6PDH6PGDH:  + α-Arab:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  d α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  + α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  + ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  d AlanineAA:  + AlaPheProAA:  neg ArgAA:  neg GluGluAA:  + GlyAA:  + LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    Complex Polysacc.

    Xylan

    		Acetate:  Major(+) Propionate:  minor(+) Lactate:  + Isobutyrate:  neg Succinate:  Major(+) Isovalerate:  neg H2S:  + Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >128, RNG: (8->128)
    Augmentin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): 128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.06->128)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5–0.16)
    azlocillin:  Sens
    aztreonam:  Res
    bacampicillin:  Sens
    benzyl-pen:  Sens
    cloxacillin:  Sens
    dicloxacillin:  Sens
    oxacillin:  R(64)
    penicillin:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >131, RNG: (2->128)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (1–>64)
    piperacillin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (4-256)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–16)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (≤0.03->128)
    tica-clav:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06–32)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-1)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-2)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.125-2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-1)
    cefaclor:  R(>32)
    cefadroxil:  Res
    cefalexin:  R(32/-)
    cefamandole:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (32->128)
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefdinir:  Sens
    cefepime:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16–>128)
    cefixime:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1-16)
    cefmetazole:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.12->128)
    cefoperazone:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16->128)
    cefotaxime:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.5–>128)
    cefotetan:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-16)
    cefotiam:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >128, RNG: (16->128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4–>64)
    cefpodoxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.25->64)
    cefprozil:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (8-16)
    ceftazidime:  R(MIC50): 128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (32–>128)
    ceftizoxime:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >128, RNG: (2->128)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.5->64)
    cephalothin:  Sens
    moxalactam:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-16)
    amikacin:  R(>256)
    dihydrostrept:  Res
    gentamicin:  Res
    kanamycin:  Res
    neomycin:  Res
    sisomicin:  Res
    spectinomycin:  Res
    streptomycin:  Res
    tobramycin:  R(>1024)
    azithromycin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (8–>32)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2–>32)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (>512)
    clarithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    quin-dalf:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4-64)
    roxithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (2–>32)
    spiramycin:  S(2)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    josamycin:  Sens
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (2-4)
    ciprofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (16->32)
    clavulanate:  Res
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03-0.25)
    enoxacin:  Sens
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25-16)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25–8)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (1->32)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    nalidixic-acid:  Res
    norfloxacin:  R(>256)
    ofloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (4–8)
    pefloxacin:  Sens
    pipemidic_acid:  Res
    sarafloxacin:  Sens
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.2, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.1-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(0.047)
    chlortetracycline:  Sens
    meclocycline:  Sens
    methacycline:  Sens
    minocycline:  Sens
    oxytetracycline:  Sens
    tetracycline:  Sens
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.06-8)
    teicoplanin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (16–128)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (32–256)
    bacitracin:  R(MIC50): >256, MIC90: >256, RNG: (16–>256)
    rifabutin:  Sens
    rifampicin:  Sens
    rifapentine:  Sens
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)
    fosfomycin:  R(>1024)
    isoniazid:  Res
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    nitrofurantoin:  Sens
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.125)
    sulfadiazine:  Res
    sulfadimethoxine:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  R(>1024)
    sulfanilamide:  Res
    trimethoprim:  R(>32)
    SXT:  S(2)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.016->32)
    lincomycin:  Sens
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    colistin:  R(>1024)
    fusidic-acid:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PHOCAEICOLA VULGATUS
  • Eggerth1933 - The Bacteroides of Human Feces.
  • Song2010Bergeys - Bacteroides. In Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology: Vol. 4. The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes
  • Feng2015 - Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence
  • BenitezPaez2020 - Depletion of Blautia Species in the Microbiota of Obese Children Relates to Intestinal Inflammation and Metabolic Phenotype Worsening
  • Bervoets2013 - Differences in gut microbiota composition between obese and lean children: a cross-sectional study
  • DavisRichardson2014 - Bacteroides dorei dominates gut microbiome prior to autoimmunity in Finnish children at high risk for type 1 diabetes
  • DeAngelis2013 - Fecal microbiota and metabolome of children with autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
  • Debyser2016 - Faecal proteomics: A tool to investigate dysbiosis and inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis
  • Dicksved2008 - Molecular analysis of the gut microbiota of identical twins with Crohn's disease
  • Finegold2010 - Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children
  • Finegold2012 - Microbiology of regressive autism
  • Fukugaiti2015 - High occurrence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients
  • Giongo2011 - Toward defining the autoimmune microbiome for type 1 diabetes
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Hedin2015 - Siblings of patients with Crohn's disease exhibit a biologically relevant dysbiosis in mucosal microbial metacommunities
  • Hoffman2014 - Escherichia coli dysbiosis correlates with gastrointestinal dysfunction in children with cystic fibrosis
  • Houttu2018 - Overweight and obesity status in pregnant women are related to intestinal microbiota and serum metabolic and inflammatory profiles
  • Ignacio2016 - Correlation between body mass index and faecal microbiota from children
  • Kang2010 - Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn's disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray
  • Ma2011 - Molecular characterization of fecal microbiota in patients with viral diarrhea
  • Moore1995 - Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer
  • Nylund2013 - Microarray analysis reveals marked intestinal microbiota aberrancy in infants having eczema compared to healthy children in at-risk for atopic disease
  • RajilicStojanovic2011 - Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome
  • Rowin2017 - Gut inflammation and dysbiosis in human motor neuron disease
  • Saulnier2011 - Gastrointestinal microbiome signatures of pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome
  • vanderMeulen2019 - Shared gut, but distinct oral microbiota composition in primary Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus
  • Vatanen2018 - The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study
  • VichVila2018 - Gut microbiota composition and functional changes in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome
  • Wang2019a - Alterations in Gut Glutamate Metabolism Associated with Changes in Gut Microbiota Composition in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Wang2019b - Alterations in the human gut microbiome associated with Helicobacter pylori infection
  • Zhang2019 - Relationship between intestinal microbial dysbiosis and primary liver cancer
  • Zhou2018 - Alterations in the gut microbiota of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome
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  • Kim2021b - Vibrio vulnificus induces the death of a major bacterial species in the mouse gut via cyclo-Phe-Pro.
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Betriu2001 - In vitro activities of MK-0826 and 16 other antimicrobials against Bacteroides fragilis group strains.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein1999 - In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805) against anaerobes.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Cato1976a - Reinstatement of Species Rank for Bacteroides fragilis, B. ovatus, B. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and B. vulgatus: Designation of Neotype Strains for Bacteroides fragilis (Veillon and Zuber) Castellani and Chalmers and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Distaso) Castellani and Chalmers.
  • Shah1989 - Proposal To Restrict the Genus Bacteroides (Castellani and Chalmers) to Bacteroides fragilis and Closely Related Species.
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  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Ridlon2006 - Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria
  • Coretti2018 - Gut Microbiota Features in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PHOCAEICOLA VULGATUS
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  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Browne2016 - Culturing of 'unculturable' human microbiota reveals novel taxa and extensive sporulation.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
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  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
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  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
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  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • LeChatelier2013 - Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
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  • Mangin2004 - Molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia
  • Moore1995 - Intestinal floras of populations that have a high risk of colon cancer
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  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Urban2020 - Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
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    • Added: July 12, 2021