Pluralibacter gergoviae

(aka Enterobacter gergoviae)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Pluralibacter gergoviae, (aka Enterobacter gergoviae), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 60%. Pluralibacter gergoviae is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Farmer1985; Brady2013; Brenner1980; Grimont2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (sputum, urine, blood - CCUG) and human faeces (CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 6% of Europeans (unseenbio.com). Rare coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Brady2013); (Brenner1980); (Grimont2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; urea;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 36℃; grows at 41℃; Grows optimally at 30℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; glucose; mannose; rhamnose; xylose; cellubiose; maltose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; D-arabitol; glycerol; mannitol; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; L-arabinose; d_arabitol; cellubiose; fructose; galactose; gluconate; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; maltose; mannitol; mannose; rhamnose; sucrose; trehalose; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; histamine; proline; acetate; citrate; 4-hydroxybenzoate; 5-ketogluconate; malonate; phenylacetate; quinate; L-tartrate; glucose-1-phosphate; methyl succinate; N-acetylgalactosamine; D-glucose-6-phosphate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • erythritol; fucose; inositol; threonine; tyrosine; aconitate; benzoate; glutarate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 2-ketogluconate; malate; alaninamide; p-hydroxyphenylacetate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • lycine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Brady2013); (Brenner1980); (Grimont2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ±
  • Methyl red test:
  • active for a few strains
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • ONPG test:
  • active
  • KCN growth:
  • inhibited
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Brenner1980); (Grimont2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • ampicillin; carbenicillin; ertapenem; imipenem;
  • penicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • cefoxitin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; sulfadiazine;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin;

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Pluralibacter Alt. name:  Enterobacter gergoviae Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  clinical sources (sputum, urine, blood - CCUG) and human faeces (CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  60
    Opt. T:  30℃
    Mid T(℃):  36(+)
    High T(℃):  41(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  + Gelatin:  neg DNA:  neg Tween:  80(neg)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  + Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  d Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  neg Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  w Maltose:  + Melibiose:  vr Raffinose:  vr Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  vr Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  + Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  d Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glycerol:  + Inositol:  d Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Sorbitol:  vr Xylitol:  neg 4-Aminobutyrate:  + 5-Aminovalerate:  + Histamine:  + Pro:  + Ser:  neg Thr:  d Tryptamine:  neg Tyr:  d Acetate:  + Aconitate:  cis(d) Benzoate:  d Citrate:  + Glutarate:  d 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  d 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  d 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  + Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  d 5-Ketogluconate:  + Malate:  d Malonate:  + Mucate:  neg Phenylacetate:  + Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  vr Quinate:  + Saccharate:  vr D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Urease:  + Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  d(+) OrnDC:  + Phe deaminase:  neg DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ampicillin:  S(10; disc)
    aztreonam:  Var(MIC50): >0.12, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    carbenicil:  S(100; disc, variable)
    penicillin:  R(10; disc)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.25-256)
    ertapenem:  S(≤0.125/≤0.125)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
    cefamandole:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >64
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 32
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 8
    cefoxitin:  R(>64/>64)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤2->16)
    cephalothin:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, variable)
    moxalactam:  S(0.25/4)
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, S(10; disc)
    kanamycin:  S(30; disc)
    streptomycin:  S(10; disc)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.016->4)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.015/0.25)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03->4)
    levofloxacin:  S(≤0.5/≤0.5)
    moxifloxacin:  S(≤0.5/1)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): 30; disc), MIC90: Var(30; disc
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  S(30; disc)
    chloramphenicol:  S(30; disc, variable))
    sulfadiazine:  S(250; disc)
    colistin:  S(10; disc)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PLURALIBACTER GERGOVIAE
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Brady2013 - Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): Proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. nov. and Lelliottia amnigena comb. nov., respectively, E. gergoviae and E. pyrinus into Pluralibacter gen. nov. as Pluralibacter gergoviae comb. nov. and Pluralibacter pyrinus comb. nov., respectively, E. cowanii, E. radicincitans, E. oryzae and E. arachidis into Kosakonia gen. nov. as Kosakonia cowanii comb. nov., Kosakonia radicincitans comb. nov., Kosakonia oryzae comb. nov. and Kosakonia arachidis comb. nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. nov., Cronobacter helveticus comb. nov. and Cronobacter pulveris comb. nov., respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter.
  • Brenner1980 - Enterobacter gergoviae sp. nov.: a New Species of Enterobacteriaceae Found in Clinical Specimens and the Environment.
  • Grimont2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XII. Enterobacter
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PLURALIBACTER GERGOVIAE
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PLURALIBACTER GERGOVIAE
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: July 12, 2021