Porphyromonas gingivalis

(aka Bacteroides gingivalis)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Porphyromonas gingivalis, (aka Bacteroides gingivalis), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 46-48%. Porphyromonas gingivalis is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Shah1988; Summanen2010Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from dental disease and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Pathogenic; unlikely to be a coloniser in a healthy microbiome.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Collins1994a); (Shah1988); (Summanen2010Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin; mucin;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 0.5% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • arginine; aspartate; cysteine; histidine; isoleucine; leucine; methionine; phenylalanine; serine; tryptophan; mucin;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; coagulase; Glu-Glu arylamidase; haemagglutinin; Leu-Gly arylamidase; trypsin;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Shah1988); (Summanen2010Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; propionate (minor); butyrate; isobutyrate (minor); isovalerate (minor); indole;
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ✗
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • black
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Summanen2010Bergey); (Goldstein2018); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2013a); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999a); (Goldstein1999b);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotaxime; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid; ranbezolid; telithromycin;
  • daptomycin;

  • N/A

  • Many epidemiological studies have associated severe forms of periodontitis with atherosclerosis. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a Gram-negative oral anaerobe, has been identified as one of the main pathogenic bacteria in periodontitis. The DNA of P. gingivalis has been found in coronary stenotic artery plaques of myocardial infarction patients. Furthermore, animal experiments have shown that P. gingivalis infection directly induces and accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development in pigs and mice. In vivo studies have suggested that P. gingivalis enters the systemic circulation through inflammation-injured epithelial structures; then, this bacterium adheres to and invades vascular endothelial cells, proliferates in host cells, promotes the release of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and induces atherosclerosis formation. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), one of the main pathogenic bacteria involved in periodontitis, induces the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule __1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. This effect plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis development. [PMID: 29482504]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobe. It is a secondary colonizer of the oral cavity and has a role in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease, which is the major cause of tooth loss in industrial nations. It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontium that leads to erosion of the attachment apparatus and supporting bone for teeth and is one of the most frequently occurring infectious diseases in humans. Recently, a number of epidemiological studies have shown significant relationships between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases. P.gingivalis, which is often found in deep periodontal pockets of humans, is asaccharolytic and highly proteolytic and produces a broad array of potential virulence factors involved in tissue colonization and destruction as well as host defense perturbation. P. gingivalis strains are divided into virulent and less-virulent strains; ATCC 33277, the type strain, is a less-virulent strain unlike W83, the only other currently sequenced member of the species (PORGI). It produces only a localized abscess 3 days after subcutaneous inoculation (adapted from PubMed 18524787). [UP000008842]

  • Bik, E. M., Eckburg, P. B., Gill, S. R., Nelson, K. E., Purdom, E. A., Francois, F., Perez-Perez, G., Blaser, M. J., & Relman, D. A. (2006). Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(3), 732–737.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Bacteroidetes Class:  Bacteroidia Order:  Bacteroidales Family:  Porphyromonadaceae Genus:  Porphyromonas Alt. name:  Bacteroides gingivalis Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccobacillus Pigment:  black
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  dental disease and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  46-48
    Opt. T:  37℃
    NaCl 0.5-2%:  0.5(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  neg Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Glucose:  neg Lactose:  neg Inositol:  neg Arg:  + Asp:  + Cys:  + His:  + Ile:  + Leu:  + Met:  + Phe:  + Ser:  + Trp:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Coagulase:  + G6PDH6PGDH:  neg Haemaggl.:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr Chymotrypsin:  neg GluDC:  neg Trypsin:  + AlanineAA:  + GluGluAA:  + GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  vr AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  neg EstLip(C8):  neg Lipase:  neg Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Propionate:  minor(+) Butyrate:  + Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Isovalerate:  minor(+) Indole:  + Pigment:  black
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.125, MIC90: 32, RNG: (≤0.0125-64)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-0.25)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–2)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–2)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (0.015–0.03)
    tica-clav:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    doripenem:  S(0.016)
    ertapenem:  S(0.016)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.016-0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.062, MIC90: 0.062, RNG: (0.06-0.12)
    cefalexin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): ≤0.015, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.015-0.06)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (1-4)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.25–32)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-2)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.03–128)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06-0.125)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.0125-4)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    spiramycin:  Var(MIC50): 9.2), MIC90: Var(9.2
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.015-0.06)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.5->8)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.016-0.5)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-2)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03-0.125)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.06->8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.03-1)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125–2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.06)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.125)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03–0.03)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-4)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    teicoplanin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.06->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1–8)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.03-4)
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.008-0.25)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.03-2)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Collins1994a - Phylogenetic Analysis of Members of the Genus Porphyromonas and Description of Porphyromonas cangingivalis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas cansulci sp. nov.
  • Kuhnert2002 - Phylogenetic analysis of Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical strains reveals a clear species clustering.
  • Shah1988 - Proposal for Reclassification of Bacteroides asaccharolyticus, Bacteroides gingivalis, and Bacteroides endodontalis in a New Genus, Porphyromonas.
  • Miyoshi2021 - Gemella haemolysans inhibits the growth of the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis.
  • Summanen2010Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Fusobacteria. Family Porphyromonadaceae, Genus I. Porphyromonas
  • Fukugaiti2015 - High occurrence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Goldstein2018 - Comparative In Vitro Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates.
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
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    • Added: February 08, 2021