Prevotella intermedia

(aka Bacteroides intermedius)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Prevotella intermedia, (aka Bacteroides intermedius), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 12 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 41-44%. Prevotella intermedia is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Shah1990; Shah2010Bergeys; Johnson1983)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG), and dental disease. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Shah1990); (Shah2010Bergeys); (Johnson1983);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin; milk; starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • meat;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 25℃; grows at 45℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; glycogen; inulin; starch; maltose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • mannose; raffinose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • L-asparagine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; α-glucosidase; Glu-Glu arylamidase; Leu-Gly arylamidase; lipase; phosphoamidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Shah1990); (Shah2010Bergeys); (Johnson1983);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; isobutyrate (trace); succinate (major); isovalerate (minor); indole;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • Hâ‚‚;
  • Haemolysis:
  • beta
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • ±
  • Pigments:
  • dark colours
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Goldstein2018); (Goldstein2013); (Goldstein2013a); (Tyrrell2012); (Citron2011); (Goldstein2006); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999); (Goldstein1999a); (Goldstein1999b); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin;
  • ampicillin; piperacillin; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefotaxime; cefoxitin; ceftizoxime;
  • cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • teicoplanin;
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid; ranbezolid; telithromycin;
  • daptomycin;

  • N/A

  • Prevotella intermedia has been found in both periodontally diseased patients and healthy subjects. P. intermedia has also been reported to be associated with periapical abscess, pregnancy gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and HIV associated periodontal lesions. indicated that P. has cell surface components that might be associated with periodontal breakdown or adherence to epithelial cells. Protease production was also pointed out as a possible pathogenic factor in this species. [PMID: 9802558] has been implicated in many forms of human periodontal disease, including chronic periodontitis, early-onset periodontitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, and pregnancy gingivitis. Studies have shown that P. intermedia is associated with periodontal breakdown in type I diabetics and is frequently encountered in periodontal lesions or abscesses associated with destructive disease. [DOI: 10.1128/IAI.68.9.5420-5424.2000]

    This organism has been shown to produce viscous materials in vitro, invade human oral epithelial cells, and stimulate CD4+ T cells expressing V_8, V_12 and V_17. [PMID: 19146705] Prevotella intermedia, a black-pigmented, Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium, is associated with periodontal disease, although it is also found in healthy tissue. It has also been shown to be associated with endodontic infections such as root canal infection, apical periodontitis, and periapical lesions, and in extraoral sites in bacterial tracheitis in children and cancrum oris (noma, an infection that destroys orofacial tissues) lesions. Strain 17 is a clinical strain originally isolated from human periodontal pockets in the early 1990s (adapted from PMID 20308299). [UP000010099] Prevotella intermedia 17 chromosome II, complete sequence (GenBank AC CP003503) is mapped to UP000010099. This proteome is redundant to UP000186059. 

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Prevotella intermedia is a Gram-negative, black-pigmented anaerobic bacterium that is classified into the genus Prevotella belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. This bacterium is frequently found in subgingival plaque from patients with periodontal diseases and is considered one of the periodontal pathogens (a member of the so-called range complex̥). Prevotella is phylogenetically close to other periodontal pathogens, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, which are classified into the same phylum. Prevotella intermedia has also been associated with other oral infections, including endodontic infections, pregnancy gingivitis and acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Prevotella intermedia OMA14 was isolated from a periodontal pocket of a Japanese patient with periodontitis. [PMID: 26645327]

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Bacteroidetes Class:  Bacteroidia Order:  Bacteroidales Family:  Prevotellaceae Genus:  Prevotella Alt. name:  Bacteroides intermedius Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  dark colours
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG), and dental disease
    DNA G+C(%):  41-44
    Lower T(℃):  25(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Milk:  + Meat:  d
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  d(+) Glucose:  + Mannose:  d Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  + Inulin:  d(+) Starch:  + Xylan:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  vr Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  vr Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg G6PDH6PGDH:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  vr α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + GluGluAA:  + GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  w EstLip(C8):  w Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  + Phosphoamidase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Isobutyrate:  trace(+) Succinate:  Major(+) Isovalerate:  minor(+) H2:  neg Indole:  + Pigment:  dark colours
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.125-8)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-0.25)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (0.03->128)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06–2)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–32)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.03-16)
    piperacillin:  R(MIC50): 64, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.25-128)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 64, RNG: (≤0.03-64)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06-64)
    tica-clav:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06->128)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.031, MIC90: 0.062, RNG: (0.03-0.06)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.016-0.125)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.016-0.06)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.062, MIC90: 0.062, RNG: (0.03-0.06)
    cefalexin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.125-16)
    cefamandole:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5-16)
    cefmetazole:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.12->128)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-8)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.015-4)
    cefotetan:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    cefotiam:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 128, RNG: (0.25-128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-8)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.125-32)
    ceftizoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.125–>32)
    moxalactam:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-16)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.06)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (64->512)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.015, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.015-0.125)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-2)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    spiramycin:  Var(MIC50): 16), MIC90: Var(16
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.015-0.25)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: ≤0.5, RNG: (≤0.5-1)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/2)
    garenoxacin:  S(0.25/0.25)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-2)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5-4)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-8)
    sparfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1–8)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-1)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.032-4)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03–8)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06–16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-2)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): 128, MIC90: >512, RNG: (64->512)
    bacitracin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5–32)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-4)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-1)
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-0.03)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: ≤0.03, RNG: (≤0.03-≤0.03)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PREVOTELLA INTERMEDIA
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Kuhnert2002 - Phylogenetic analysis of Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis clinical strains reveals a clear species clustering.
  • Shah1990 - Notes: Prevotella, a New Genus To Include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Related Species Formerly Classified in the Genus Bacteroides.
  • Shah2010Bergeys - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Bacteroidetes. Family Prevotellaceae, Genus I. Prevotella
  • Fukugaiti2015 - High occurrence of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Clostridium difficile in the intestinal microbiota of colorectal carcinoma patients
  • Yu2015 - Metagenomic analysis of faecal microbiome as a tool towards targeted non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer
  • Goldstein2018 - Comparative In Vitro Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates.
  • Goldstein2013 - In vitro activity of Biapenem plus RPX7009, a carbapenem combined with a serine β-lactamase inhibitor, against anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Citron2011 - In vitro activity of ceftazidime-NXL104 against 396 strains of beta-lactamase-producing anaerobes.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999 - In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805) against anaerobes.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • Johnson1983 - Bacteroides intermedius comb. nov. and Descriptions of Bacteroides corporis sp. nov. and Bacteroides levii sp. nov.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PREVOTELLA INTERMEDIA
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Urban2020 - Altered Fecal Microbiome Years after Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • ...............................
    • Added: February 08, 2021