Prevotella melaninogenica

(aka Bacteroides melaninogenicus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Prevotella melaninogenica, (aka Bacteroides melaninogenicus), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 13 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 36-40%. Prevotella melaninogenica is a common gut coloniser. (Shah1990; Wu1992; Shah2010Bergeys)



  • This organism has been recovered from dental, clinical sources (wound - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 86% of Europeans (unseenbio.com).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Shah1990); (Wu1992); (Shah2010Bergeys);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; gelatin; starch;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Doesn't tolerate 20% bile
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; glycogen; inulin; starch; lactose; maltose; raffinose; sucrose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • Ala arylamidase; alkaline phosphatase; N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; Glu-Glu arylamidase; Leu-Gly arylamidase;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; fucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Shah1990); (Wu1992); (Shah2010Bergeys);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate (trace); acetate; isobutyrate (minor); succinate (major); isovalerate (minor);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
  • Pigments:
  • black
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (AlmaguerFlores2006); (Wu1992); (Goldstein2018); (Goldstein2018a); (Goldstein2013a); (Goldstein2013b); (Tyrrell2012); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2006c); (Citron2003); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999); (Goldstein1999a); (Goldstein1999b); (Goldstein1991);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin-sulbactam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • amoxicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefmetazole; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; ceftizoxime;
  • cefotiam; cefuroxime;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; clarithromycin; erythromycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; telithromycin;
  • fidaxomicin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • teicoplanin;
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; linezolid; ranbezolid; telithromycin;
  • daptomycin;
  • NOTES

    Prevotella melaninogenica is a species of bacterium in the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract. It is an important human pathogen in various anaerobic infections, often mixed with other aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.[2] P. melaninogenica is an anaerobic, Gram-negative rod, named for its black colonies, and black pigment.

    P. melaninogenica is associated with hypertension together with Campylobacter rectus and Veillonella parvula.[3]

    P. melaninogenica are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria. They cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. They are not motile, and do not form spores. P. melaninogenica grow well on blood agar, where they form circular dark-colored colonies that darken over one to two weeks.[4]

    P. melaninogenica was originally described as Bacteroides melaninogenicus in 1921 by Wade Oliver and William Wherry at the University of Cincinnati as a new bacterium isolated from various sites of several different human patients.[1][5] In 1982, Lillian Holdeman and John Johnson determined that some bacteria previously described as B. melaninogenicus were actually a distinct species, which they named Bacteroides loescheii.[1][4] In 1990, Haroun Shah and David Collins at the London Hospital Medical College reclassified several species of Bacteroides, including B. melanogenicus under a new genus called Prevotella. With this, B. melaninogenicus was renamed to Prevotella melaninogenica.[1][6]

  • N/A

  • Other factors may be involved in the continued growth and potential pathogenicity of certain anaerobes. For example, P melaninogenica can inhibit the growth of certain other organisms. Also, anaerobes such as P melaninogenica sometimes inhibit phagocytosis and killing of other organisms during mixed infection. Prevotella melaninogenica is one of the few bacteria that produce collagenase, an enzyme of considerable importance. Cell extracts of P melaninogenica strains with collagenolytic activity, when given with a live Fusobacterium species, produce more severe lesions in rabbits than does the organism or the extract given alone. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8438/]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Prevotella melaninogenica is an anaerobic, black-pigmenting, rod-shaped bacterium that inhabits the human oral cavity that is implicated in periodontal disease. The bacterium has many virulence factors including neuraminidase, collagenase, specific immunoglobulin G and IgA proteases, phospholipase A, and hemolysin. It has been sequenced as part of the Human Microbiome Project (HMP), initiated to probe the richness of the microbial communities living in and on the human body in an effort to help us understand their role in human health and disease. [UP000001498]

  • Shah, H. N., & Collins, D. M. (1990). Prevotella, a new genus to include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and related species formerly classified in the genus Bacteroides. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 40(2), 205–208.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Bacteroidetes Class:  Bacteroidia Order:  Bacteroidales Family:  Prevotellaceae Genus:  Prevotella Alt. name:  Bacteroides melaninogenicus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  black
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  dental, clinical sources (wound - CCUG) and human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  36-40
    Bile reaction(%):  20(neg)
    		Aesculin:  d(+) Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Starch:  + Milk:  curdle Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  + Inulin:  d(+) Starch:  + Pectin:  neg Xylan:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Lactate:  neg Pyruvate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg G6PDH6PGDH:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Fucosidase:  d α-Galactosidase:  vr β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  d GluDC:  neg AlanineAA:  + GluGluAA:  + GlyAA:  neg LeuAA:  neg LeuGlyAA:  + PyrrolidAA:  neg AlkalineP:  + Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  trace(+) Acetate:  + Isobutyrate:  minor(+) Succinate:  Major(+) Isovalerate:  minor(+) Indole:  neg Pigment:  black
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 64, RNG: (≤0.125-128)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-1)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06–64)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-4)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–32)
    penicillin_G:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.125-0.125)
    tica-clav:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06–1)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (≤0.016-0.25)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.016-0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.016-0.25)
    cefalexin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-32)
    cefamandole:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: -, RNG: (2->128)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (1–32)
    cefmetazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06-16)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06-8)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.5-16)
    cefotiam:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: -, RNG: (1->128)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-8)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25-16)
    ceftizoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-2)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.125–>32)
    moxalactam:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5-16)
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    erythromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-16)
    fidaxomicin:  R(MIC50): >512, MIC90: >512, RNG: (64->512)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-4)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-4)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06–8)
    spiramycin:  Var(MIC50): 3), MIC90: Var(3
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06-16)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.5-4)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.06/2)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25-1)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-8)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.125-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-8)
    sparfloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1–8)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06-8)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.06–8)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03–8)
    tetracycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06–16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (14-4)
    vancomycin:  R(MIC50): 128, MIC90: >512, RNG: (64->512)
    bacitracin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5–32)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1–8)
    metronidazole:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-2)
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03-0.125)
    clindamycin:  S(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PREVOTELLA MELANINOGENICA
  • AlmaguerFlores2006 - Proportion of antibiotic resistance in subgingival plaque samples from Mexican subjects.
  • Shah1990 - Notes: Prevotella, a New Genus To Include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Related Species Formerly Classified in the Genus Bacteroides.
  • Wu1992 - Emended Descriptions of Prevotella denticola, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella veroralis, and Prevotella melaninogenica.
  • Shah2010Bergeys - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 4, The Bacteroidetes. Family Prevotellaceae, Genus I. Prevotella
  • Cree2016 - Gut microbiome analysis in neuromyelitis optica reveals overabundance of Clostridium perfringens
  • Rofael2019 - Airway microbiome in adult survivors of extremely preterm birth: the EPICure study
  • Goldstein2018 - Comparative In Vitro Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates.
  • Goldstein2018a - Comparative In Vitro Activities of Relebactam, Imipenem, the Combination of the Two, and Six Comparator Antimicrobial Agents against 432 Strains of Anaerobic Organisms, Including Imipenem-Resistant Strains.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Goldstein2013b - Comparative in vitro activities of GSK2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Citron2003 - In vitro activities of ramoplanin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, linezolid, bacitracin, and four other antimicrobials against intestinal anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999 - In vitro activity of gemifloxacin (SB 265805) against anaerobes.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • Goldstein1991 - Goldstein EJ, Citron DM. Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections to ofloxacin and interaction of ofloxacin with metronidazole.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PREVOTELLA MELANINOGENICA
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • King2019 - Baseline human gut microbiota profile in healthy people and standard reporting template.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • PerezBrocal2015 - Metagenomic Analysis of Crohn's Disease Patients Identifies Changes in the Virome and Microbiome Related to Disease Status and Therapy, and Detects Potential Interactions and Biomarkers
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Wang2005 - Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
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    • Added: February 08, 2021