Proteus mirabilis

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Proteus mirabilis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 18 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 39.3%. Proteus mirabilis is a common gut coloniser. (Farmer1985; Ewing1962; O'Hara2000; Shaw1955; Penner2005Bergey; Terekhov2018)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (urine, vagina - CCUG) and human faeces (including ulcerative colitis patients). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Ewing1962); (O'Hara2000); (Shaw1955); (Penner2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin; tyrosine; urea;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • DNA;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; xylose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • citrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; glutamic acid decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase; phenylalanine deaminase; tryptophan deaminase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Ewing1962); (O'Hara2000); (Shaw1955); (Penner2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ±
  • Haemolysis:
  • strain dependent
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (O'Hara2000); (Penner2005Bergey); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; aztreonam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin;
  • penicillin; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefamandole; cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefpirom; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; moxalactam;
  • cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; norfloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; kanamycin; netilmycin;
  • streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • bacitracin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; co-trimoxazole; trimethoprim;
  • metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; colistin; polymyxin B;

  • N/A

  • Müller, H. E. (1986). Occurrence and pathogenic role of Morganella-Proteus-Providencia group bacteria in human feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23(2), 404–405.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Morganellaceae Genus:  Proteus Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  clinical sources (urine, vagina - CCUG) and human faeces (including ulcerative colitis patients)
    DNA G+C(%):  39.3
    Opt. T:  37℃
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  + Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Casein:  neg DNA:  d Tyrosine:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Acetate:  neg Citrate:  d(neg) Malonate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg ArgDC:  neg GluDC:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  + Phe deaminase:  + TrpAA:  + Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(0.39)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-16)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >8, RNG: (1->8)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.5–64)
    aztreonam:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    penicillin:  R(1024)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.12->64)
    ticarcillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12->128)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.016, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.008-4)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.06-8)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.031, MIC90: 0.0163, RNG: (0.031-0.063)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-64)
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-4)
    cefazolin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-32)
    cefdinir:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.063-0.25)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.008, RNG: (0.008-0.06)
    cefoperazone:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (<0.03-1)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015-16)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2-16)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03-0.12)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.13, RNG: (0.06-0.13)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-16)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03-0.12)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  R(239)
    moxalactam:  S(0.25/0.25)
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, RNG: (≤1-8)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5)
    kanamycin:  Sens
    netilmycin:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 2
    streptomycin:  R(15.6)
    tobramycin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5->16)
    clarithromycin:  R(>100)
    besifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06-32)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.008-64)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.008-0.03)
    garenoxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25-32)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.03->4)
    gemifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.06->128)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-16)
    norfloxacin:  Sens
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.03–0.125)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    minocycline:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (8->8)
    tetracycline:  R(32)
    tigecycline:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2->8)
    bacitracin:  Res
    chloramphenicol:  Sens
    metronidazole:  R(>200)
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    trimethoprim:  Sens
    SXT:  R(83)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    colistin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PROTEUS MIRABILIS
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Ewing1962 - The tribe Proteeae: its nomenclature and taxonomy.
  • O'Hara2000 - Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Proteus, Providencia and Morganella.
  • Shaw1955 - Biochemical Classification of Proteus and Providence Cultures.
  • Penner2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXIX. Proteus
  • Terekhov2018 - Ultrahigh-throughput functional profiling of microbiota communities.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PROTEUS MIRABILIS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PROTEUS MIRABILIS
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: February 08, 2021