Providencia alcalifaciens

(aka Proteus inconstans)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Providencia alcalifaciens, (aka Proteus inconstans), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 43%. Providencia alcalifaciens is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farmer1985; Ewing1962; O'Hara2000; Penner2005aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, including diarrhoea, and clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Ewing1962); (O'Hara2000); (Penner2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • tyrosine;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; mannose; adonitol; L-arabitol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • citrate; D-tartrate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • acetate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; phenylalanine deaminase; tryptophan deaminase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Ewing1962); (O'Hara2000); (Penner2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (O'Hara2000); (Penner2005aBergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; mezlocillin; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefepime; cefotaxime; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; ceftizoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • cefaclor;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • clinafloxacin;
  • moxifloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • nitrofurantoin;

  • Müller, H. E. (1986). Occurrence and pathogenic role of Morganella-Proteus-Providencia group bacteria in human feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23(2), 404–405.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Providencia Alt. name:  Proteus inconstans Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, including diarrhoea, and clinical sources (blood, abscess - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  43
    Opt. T:  37℃
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Tyrosine:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  + Erythritol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Gluconate:  neg Acetate:  d Citrate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  neg D-Tartrate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg ArgDC:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  + TrpAA:  + Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  Sens
    ampicillin:  Sens
    mezlocillin:  Sens
    piper-taz:  Sens
    imipenem:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-16)
    cefaclor:  R(>32/>32)
    cefazolin:  Sens
    cefepime:  Sens
    cefixime:  Var(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >32
    cefotaxime:  Sens
    cefoxitin:  Sens
    cefpodoxime:  Sens
    ceftazidime:  Sens
    ceftizoxime:  Sens
    cefuroxime:  Sens
    cephalothin:  Sens
    moxalactam:  Sens
    gentamicin:  Sens
    tobramycin:  Sens
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06->16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.008-4)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12->16)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.06->16)
    moxifloxacin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  Sens
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    SXT:  Sens

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PROVIDENCIA ALCALIFACIENS
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Ewing1962 - The tribe Proteeae: its nomenclature and taxonomy.
  • O'Hara2000 - Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Proteus, Providencia and Morganella.
  • Penner2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXX. Providencia
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PROVIDENCIA ALCALIFACIENS
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PROVIDENCIA ALCALIFACIENS
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021