Providencia rettgeri

(aka Proteus rettgeri)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Providencia rettgeri, (aka Proteus rettgeri), is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 40.5%. Providencia rettgeri is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farmer1985; Ewing1962; O'Hara2000; Shaw1955; Penner2005aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces and clinical sources (blood, urine, sputum, wound, atherosclerotic plaques). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread. It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Ewing1962); (O'Hara2000); (Shaw1955); (Penner2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • tyrosine; urea;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • aesculin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; mannose; rhamnose; amygdalin; adonitol; L-arabitol; erythritol; glycerol; inositol; mannitol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • arabinose; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • citrate; D-tartrate; L-tartrate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • acetate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; β-glucosidase; glutamic acid decarboxylase; phenylalanine deaminase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Ewing1962); (O'Hara2000); (Shaw1955); (Penner2005aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✓
  • Methyl red test:
  • active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • KCN growth:
  • growth observed
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (O'Hara2000); (Penner2005aBergey); (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; aztreonam; doripenem; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefdinir; cefepime; cefixime; cefotetan; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; moxalactam;
  • cefaclor; cefamandole; cefprozil; cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; garenoxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • metronidazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • colistin; polymyxin B;

  • Müller, H. E. (1986). Occurrence and pathogenic role of Morganella-Proteus-Providencia group bacteria in human feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 23(2), 404–405.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Providencia Alt. name:  Proteus rettgeri Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces and clinical sources (blood, urine, sputum, wound, atherosclerotic plaques)
    DNA G+C(%):  40.5
    Opt. T:  37℃
    		Aesculin:  d(neg) Urea:  + Gelatin:  neg DNA:  neg Tyrosine:  +
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  d(neg) L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  d(+) Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  + Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  vr L-Arabitol:  + Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  d(+) Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  d
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Melibiose:  neg Gluconate:  neg Acetate:  d Citrate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  neg D-Tartrate:  + L-Tartrate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDC:  neg GluDC:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  + DNAse:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(3.1)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (1–32)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (1->8)
    amp-sulb:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.5–64)
    aztreonam:  S(≤0.125/≤0.125)
    piperacillin:  Var(MIC50): 0.75, MIC90: 24
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.25–1)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015–0.25)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-2)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.063, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.032-1)
    cefaclor:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.25->32)
    cefamandole:  R(32/>64)
    cefazolin:  Var
    cefdinir:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.03-8)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015–0.5)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.008-0.5)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 256
    cefotaxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.015–>32)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–2)
    cefoxitin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2–16)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.032, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.004-8)
    cefprozil:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >64, RNG: (2->64)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.032-8)
    cefuroxime:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12->32)
    cephalothin:  R(>64/>64)
    moxalactam:  S(0.25/0.5)
    amikacin:  S(≤2/≤2)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.5–64)
    tobramycin:  Sens
    clarithromycin:  R(>100)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.025, MIC90: 0.2, RNG: (≤0.00625-0.39)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (<0.008-4)
    garenoxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.39, MIC90: 1.26, RNG: (0.025-6.25)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12->16)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.1, MIC90: 0.78, RNG: (0.025-0.78)
    moxifloxacin:  S(≤0.25/2)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4->32)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.015–2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015–0.25)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  Var(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (4-8)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (2->8)
    tigecycline:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)
    metronidazole:  R(>200)
    nitrofurantoin:  Var
    SXT:  Sens
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): >0.5, MIC90: >2, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    colistin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  Res

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PROVIDENCIA RETTGERI
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Ewing1962 - The tribe Proteeae: its nomenclature and taxonomy.
  • O'Hara2000 - Classification, Identification, and Clinical Significance of Proteus, Providencia and Morganella.
  • Shaw1955 - Biochemical Classification of Proteus and Providence Cultures.
  • Penner2005aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXX. Providencia
  • SelberHnatiw2020 - Metabolic networks of the human gut microbiota.
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PROVIDENCIA RETTGERI
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PROVIDENCIA RETTGERI
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021