Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 15 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 67.2%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Elomari1997a; Palleroni2005bBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from clinical sources (abscess, respiratory tract, wound, blood, others - CCUG) and human faeces (CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • QUIRKS
  • In 7% of Europeans (unseenbio.com). Rare coloniser.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Elomari1997a); (Palleroni2005bBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • gelatin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 4℃; grows at 42℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • d_arabitol; erythritol; ethanol; fructose; gluconate; glucose; glycerol; mannitol; propanol; ribose; alanine; D-alanine; β-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; δ-aminovalerate; arginine; aspartate; betaine; glutamate; histamine; histidine; DL-kynurenine; leucine; lysine; ornithine; proline; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; adipate; azelate; benzoate; butyrate; caprate; caproate; caprylate; citrate; fumarate; glutarate; glycerate; DL-glycerate; heptanoate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 4-hydroxybenzoate; isobutyrate; isovalerate; itaconate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; 2-ketoglutarate; lactate; DL-lactate; levulinate; L-malate; malonate; L-mandelate; mesaconate; nonanoate; propionate; pyruvate; sebacate; succinate; valerate; butanol; 1,2-propanediol; glutamine; norvaline; acetamide; inosine; benzylamine;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • ethanolamine; L-citrulline; glycine; isoleucine; phenylalanine; sarcosine; serine; tryptophan; valine; pimelate; quinate; suberate; D-malate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • acid phosphatase; arginine dihydrolase; catalase; esterase lipase C8; γ-Glu transferase; Leu arylamidase; lipase; oxidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Palleroni2005bBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • green
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2008); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2003a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • azlocillin; doripenem; imipenem;
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; aztreonam; carbenicillin; cloxacillin; ertapenem; oxacillin; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefpirom;
  • cefaclor; cefamandole; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefpodoxime; cefuroxime; cephalothin; moxalactam;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; minocycline; tetracycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gemifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin; tobramycin;
  • amikacin; kanamycin; spectinomycin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim;
  • Vancomycins:
  • teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; lincomycin;
  • NOTES

    Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common encapsulated, Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that can cause disease in plants and animals, including humans.[1] A species of considerable medical importance, P. aeruginosa is a multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its ubiquity, its intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses – hospital-acquired infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia and various sepsis syndromes.

    The organism is considered opportunistic insofar as serious infection often occurs during existing diseases or conditions – most notably cystic fibrosis and traumatic burns. It generally affects the immunocompromised but can also infect the immunocompetent as in hot tub folliculitis. Treatment of P. aeruginosa infections can be difficult due to its natural resistance to antibiotics. When more advanced antibiotic drug regimens are needed adverse effects may result.

  • Drasar, BS & MJ Hill (1974). Composition of the gut flora. Human intestinal flora. Vol. (BS Drasar and MJ Hill, eds.), pp. 26-35 Academic Press Inc. Ltd., London.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Pseudomonadales Family:  Pseudomonadaceae Genus:  Pseudomonas Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  aerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  green
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  clinical sources (abscess, respiratory tract, wound, blood, others - CCUG) and human faeces (CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  67.2
    Low T(℃):  4(neg)
    High T(℃):  42(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  vr Gelatin:  + Starch:  neg Tween:  80(w)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  neg Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  neg Sorbitol:  neg 5-Ketogluconate:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  + L-Arabitol:  neg Erythritol:  + Ethanol:  + Ethanolamine:  d Gluconate:  + Glucosamine:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  neg Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  + Methanol:  neg Propanol:  + Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Starch:  neg Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + β-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  + 5-Aminovalerate:  + Arg:  + Asp:  + Betaine:  + L-Citrulline:  d Glu:  + Gly:  d Hippurate:  neg Histamine:  + His:  + Ile:  d DL-Kynurenine:  + Leu:  + Lys:  + Norleucine:  neg Orn:  + Phe:  d Pro:  + Sarcosine:  d Ser:  d Thr:  neg Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  d Tyr:  + Val:  d Acetate:  + Aconitate:  + Adipate:  + Azelate:  + Benzoate:  + Butyrate:  + Caprate:  + Caproate:  + Caprylate:  + Citraconate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  + Glycerate:  + DL-Glycerate:  + Glycolate:  neg Heptanoate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  + 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  + Isobutyrate:  + Isovalerate:  + Itaconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + Lactate:  + DL-Lactate:  + Levulinate:  + L-Malate:  + Maleate:  neg Malonate:  + L-Mandelate:  + Mesaconate:  + Mucate:  neg Nonanoate:  + Phenol:  neg Phenylacetate:  neg Pimelate:  d Propionate:  + Pyruvate:  + Quinate:  d Saccharate:  neg Sebacate:  + Suberate:  d Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg Valerate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  + Catalase:  + Urease:  vr Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  + γ-Glu transf.:  + LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg LeuAA:  + AlkalineP:  neg AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  vr EstLip(C8):  + Lecithinase:  neg Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  vr
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  green
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(>100)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4->32)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4->32)
    amp-sulb:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (64–>64)
    azlocillin:  Sens
    aztreonam:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    carbenicil:  R(64/512)
    cloxacillin:  R(512)
    oxacillin:  R(256)
    penicillin:  R(>512)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (>16)
    piperacillin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 64, RNG: (2->128)
    piper-taz:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5->32)
    ticarcillin:  R(32/-)
    tica-clav:  R(>32/-)
    doripenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125–4)
    ertapenem:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.12->16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    meropenem:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    cefaclor:  R(>32/-)
    cefamandole:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: -, RNG: (64->128)
    cefazolin:  R(>256)
    cefdinir:  R(>128)
    cefepime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.125->128)
    cefotaxime:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 128, RNG: (8->128)
    cefotetan:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (>128)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: -, RNG: (64->128)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): -, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-16)
    cefpodoxime:  R(>128)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5–>32)
    cephalothin:  R(>256)
    moxalactam:  R(MIC50): 32, MIC90: 128, RNG: (4->128)
    amikacin:  R(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤2->16)
    kanamycin:  R(>128)
    neomycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5-64), MIC90: Var(0.5-64
    netilmycin:  RNG: (8)
    spectinomycin:  R(32)
    streptomycin:  R(120)
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.25->16)
    erythromycin:  R(128)
    clarithromycin:  R(>100)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): >0.25, MIC90: >4, RNG: (≤0.03->4)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03-16)
    enoxacin:  Var(MIC50): 6.25), MIC90: Var(6.25
    garenoxacin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >64, RNG: (0.5->64)
    gatifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.03–16)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.03-16)
    levofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125->256)
    moxifloxacin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.12->16)
    norfloxacin:  RNG: (2.5)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–2)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.015–0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (0.5->32)
    minocycline:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: -, RNG: (≤0.5->16)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    tigecycline:  R(MIC50): ≥8, MIC90: ≥32, RNG: (≤0.008-≥32)
    teicoplanin:  SensRNG: (0.8-1.2)
    vancomycin:  Var
    chloramphenicol:  R(250)
    metronidazole:  R(>200)
    nitrofurantoin:  R(>64/-)
    sulfamethoxazole:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (>32-)
    trimethoprim:  R(5000)
    SXT:  Var(MIC50): >1), MIC90: Var(>1
    co-trimoxazole:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >4, RNG: (0.12->4)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4–>32)
    lincomycin:  R(>1000)
    polymyxin_B:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-16)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
  • Elomari1997a - Pseudomonas monteilii sp. nov., Isolated from Clinical Specimens.
  • Palleroni2005bBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Pseudomonadaceae, Genus I. Pseudomonas
  • SelberHnatiw2020 - Metabolic networks of the human gut microbiota.
  • Newburg2015 - Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Human Milk Glycans Cooperate to Attenuate Infection and Inflammation
  • Adams2011 - Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism - comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity
  • Cattaneo2017 - Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly
  • Shukla2015 - Fecal Microbiota in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Compared with Healthy Controls Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Evidence of Dysbiosis
  • Tang2018 - 16S rRNA gene sequencing reveals altered composition of gut microbiota in individuals with kidney stones
  • Tarallo2019 - Altered Fecal Small RNA Profiles in Colorectal Cancer Reflect Gut Microbiome Composition in Stool Samples
  • Zhou2019 - Alterations in the gut microbiota of patients with silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis
  • Goldstein2008 - In vitro activities of doripenem and six comparator drugs against 423 aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from infected diabetic foot wounds.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • MacFarlane2004 - Chemotaxonomic analysis of bacterial populations colonizing the rectal mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Taylor1985 - Nine-year microflora study of an isolator-maintained immunodeficient child.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: February 13, 2021