Ruminococcus lactaris

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Ruminococcus lactaris is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, strictly anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 24 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 43%. Ruminococcus lactaris is often a widespread coloniser of gut. (Moore1976; Togo2018; Ezaki2011aBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. Is a known gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Moore1976); (Togo2018); (Ezaki2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • 💧
  • Bile tolerance:
  • Strain-variable at 20%
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • strain-variable at 30(d); grows at 37℃; strain-variable at 45(d); Grows optimally at 37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; lactose; mannitol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • galactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glucose; lactose; mannitol; mannose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • maltose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • N-Ac β-glucosaminidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Moore1976); (Togo2018); (Ezaki2011aBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • formate; acetate; lactate; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; ammonia; indole;
  • ✗
  • Haemolysis:
  • absent
  • ✗
  • Nitrate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin;
  • NOTES

    This is a common inhabitant of the human gut.

    Fuel sources used:
    It can use simple sugars (including lactose) and protein for energy.

    Metabolites produced:
    Our genomic analysis indicates that most members of this species can produce the following metabolites: acetate, BCAAs, lactate, propionate, cobalamin, folate, biotin.

    Metabolites consumed:
    In addition, our genomic analysis indicates that most members of this species do not consume any reported metabolites.

    Disease associations:
    This species has been observed at elevated levels in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, but at reduced levels in individuals with insulin resistance.

  • References: [1] [2] [3]

  • All ruminococci require fermentable carbohydrates for growth, and their substrate preferences appear to be based on the diet of their particular host. Most ruminococci that have been studied are those capable of degrading cellulose, much less is known about non-cellulolytic non-ruminant-associated species, and even less is known about the environmental distribution of ruminococci as a whole. [PMID: 28348838]

  • GutFeeling KnowledgeBase COMMENTS [Website]

    Ruminococcus species are defined as strictly anaerobic, Gram-positive, non-motile cocci that do not produce endospores and require fermentable carbohydrates for growth (Rainey, 2009b). They were initially described from the isolation of Ruminococcus flavefaciens from the bovine rumen (Sijpesteijn, 1948). Ruminococcus is currently considered a polyphyletic genus, with species members belonging to two separate families: the Ruminococcaceae and the Lachnospiraceae (Rainey & Janssen, 1995). Ruminococcus species are predominantly associated with herbivores and omnivores, relative to carnivores, and that significantly abundant Ruminococcus populations are absent in non-host-associated environments. [PMID: 28348838]

  • Moore, W. E. C., Johnson, J. L., & Holdeman, L. V. (1976). Emendation of Bacteroidaceae and Butyrivibrio and descriptions of Desulfomonas gen. Nov. And ten new species in the genera Desulfomonas, Butyrivibrio, Eubacterium, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 26(2), 238–252.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Oscillospiraceae Genus:  Ruminococcus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  strictly anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces
    DNA G+C(%):  43
    Opt. T:  37℃
    Lower T(℃):  30(d)
    Mid T(℃):  37(+)
    High T(℃):  45(d)
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    Bile reaction(%):  20(d)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Hippurate:  neg Milk:  curdle Meat:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg D-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Galactose:  d Glucose:  + Mannose:  neg Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  neg Sorbose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  vr Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Aesculin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Starch:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Mannose:  w(+) Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  d Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  neg Mannitol:  + Lactate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  + α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg AlanineAA:  neg ArgAA:  neg GlyAA:  neg HisAA:  neg ProAA:  neg PyrogluAA:  neg SerAA:  neg AlkalineP:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Formate:  + Acetate:  + Lactate:  + H2S:  neg Ammonia:  neg H2:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    ciprofloxacin:  Sens
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR RUMINOCOCCUS LACTARIS
  • Moore1976 - Emendation of Bacteroidaceae and Butyrivibrio and Descriptions of Desulfomonas gen. nov. and Ten New Species in the Genera Desulfomonas, Butyrivibrio, Eubacterium, Clostridium, and Ruminococcus.
  • Togo2018 - Description of Mediterraneibacter massiliensis, gen. nov., sp. nov., a new genus isolated from the gut microbiota of an obese patient and reclassification of Ruminococcus faecis, Ruminococcus lactaris, Ruminococcus torques, Ruminococcus gnavus and Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum as Mediterraneibacter faecis comb. nov., Mediterraneibacter lactaris comb. nov., Mediterraneibacter torques comb. nov., Mediterraneibacter gnavus comb. nov. and Mediterraneibacter glycyrrhizinilyticus comb. nov.
  • Ezaki2011aBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Ruminococcaceae, Genus I. Ruminococcus
  • Borren2020 - Alterations in Fecal Microbiomes and Serum Metabolomes of Fatigued Patients With Quiescent Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
  • Debyser2016 - Faecal proteomics: A tool to investigate dysbiosis and inflammation in patients with cystic fibrosis
  • Doumatey2020 - Gut Microbiome Profiles Are Associated With Type 2 Diabetes in Urban Africans
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Nylund2013 - Microarray analysis reveals marked intestinal microbiota aberrancy in infants having eczema compared to healthy children in at-risk for atopic disease
  • RajilicStojanovic2011 - Global and deep molecular analysis of microbiota signatures in fecal samples from patients with irritable bowel syndrome
  • Luna2016 - Distinct Microbiome-Neuroimmune Signatures Correlate With Functional Abdominal Pain in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR RUMINOCOCCUS LACTARIS
  • Benno1986 - Comparison of the fecal microflora in rural Japanese and urban Canadians.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Chen2020 - Structural and Functional Characterization of the Gut Microbiota in Elderly Women With Migraine
  • Chen2020a - Featured Gut Microbiomes Associated With the Progression of Chronic Hepatitis B Disease
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jie2017 - The gut microbiome in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Karlsson2013 - Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • LeChatelier2013 - Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers
  • Minerbi2019 - Altered microbiome composition in individuals with fibromyalgia
  • Nam2008a - Bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryal diversity in the intestines of Korean people.
  • Nielsen2014 - MetaHIT Consortium. Identification and assembly of genomes and genetic elements in complex metagenomic samples without using reference genomes.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Rothschild2018 - Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota.
  • Salonen2014 - Impact of diet and individual variation on intestinal microbiota composition and fermentation products in obese men.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Wang2018 - A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in asthma in UK adults
  • Wang2018a - Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model.
  • Wang2020a - Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents
  • Yang2020 - Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics.
  • Yang2020a - Establishing high-accuracy biomarkers for colorectal cancer by comparing fecal microbiomes in patients with healthy families
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR RUMINOCOCCUS LACTARIS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
    • Added: April 22, 2021