Salmonella enterica

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Salmonella enterica is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 7 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 52-53%. Salmonella enterica is likely to be transient and not a long-term gut coloniser. (Torre2005; Popoff2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical (blood, urine - CCUG), and animal sources. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: zoonotic pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. Likely to be transient and not a long-term gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Torre2005); (Popoff2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 37℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; glucose; rhamnose; maltose; dulcitol; mannitol; 5-ketogluconate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • inositol;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • glucose; maltose; mannitol; melibiose; xylose; citrate; mucate; D-tartrate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • arginine dihydrolase; γ-Glu transferase; α-galactosidase; ornithine decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Torre2005); (Popoff2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • indole;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Popoff2005Bergey);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • aztreonam; imipenem;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; ceftazidime;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; oxytetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; gentamicin;
  • NOTES

    Salmonella enterica (formerly Salmonella choleraesuis) is a rod-shaped, flagellate, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium and a species of the genus Salmonella.[1] A number of its serovars are serious human pathogens.

  • Aleksic, S., Steigerwalt, A. G., Bockemuhl, J., Huntley-Carter, G. P., & Brenner, D. J. (1987). Yersinia rohdei sp. nov. isolated from human and dog feces and surface water. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol, 37, 327–332.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Salmonella Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces, clinical (blood, urine - CCUG), and animal sources
    DNA G+C(%):  52-53
    Mid T(℃):  37(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  vr Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  + Inositol:  d(w) Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  w 5-Ketogluconate:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Glucose:  + Xylose:  d(+) Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Melibiose:  + Mannitol:  + Citrate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  + D-Tartrate:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  vr ArgDH:  + γ-Glu transf.:  + LysDC:  w OrnDC:  + TrpAA:  neg Lipase:  vr
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  + Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    aztreonam:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): ≤0.5, MIC90: ≤0.5, RNG: (≤0.5-2)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-2)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, RNG: (≤2->16)
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.25-16)
    gentamicin:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, RNG: (≤2->16)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.015, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (<0.008-16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (<0.008-2)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (<0.008-8)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (<0.008-16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-16)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1->32)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (<0.008-16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  R(15.6)
    oxytetracycline:  R(112)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR SALMONELLA ENTERICA
  • Andino2015 - Salmonella enterica: Survival, Colonization, and Virulence Differences among Serovars.
  • Torre2005 - Use of Biochemical Kinetic Data To Determine Strain Relatedness among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Isolates.
  • Tindall2005 - Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella
  • Popoff2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXXIII. Salmonella
  • Coretti2018 - Gut Microbiota Features in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • Li2012 - Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of the microbiota in ulcerated and non-ulcerated regions in the patients with Crohn's disease
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR SALMONELLA ENTERICA
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR SALMONELLA ENTERICA
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: February 13, 2021