Sarcina maxima

(aka Clostridium maximum)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Sarcina maxima, (aka Clostridium maximum), is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 1 gut microbiome compilation study or metastudy. The DNA G+C content is 28.6%. Sarcina maxima is probably a rare gut coloniser. (CanaleParola2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, cereals, soil and horse manure. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 1, i.e., low risk of infection and spread. Pathogenicity status unknown, or very unlikely to be pathogenic. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (CanaleParola2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • tolerates pH 4.2-5.9; tolerates pH 6.0-8.0; tolerates pH 8.1-10;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • Grows optimally at 30-35℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • L-arabinose; fructose; galactose; glucose; mannose; xylose; maltose; sucrose;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • D-arabinose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • D-alanine; arginine; aspartate; glutamate; histidine; isoleucine; leucine; methionine; phenylalanine; serine; threonine; tryptophan; tyrosine; valine; glutamine;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (CanaleParola2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; butyrate; CO₂; H₂;
  • ✗
  • Pigments:
  • not produced

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Clostridia Order:  Eubacteriales Family:  Clostridiaceae Genus:  Sarcina Alt. name:  Clostridium maximum Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  anaerobic Spore:  Endospore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  neg
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, cereals, soil and horse manure
    DNA G+C(%):  28.6
    Opt. T:  30-35℃
    pH 4.2-5.9:  4.2-5.9(+)
    pH 6.0-8.0:  6.0-8.0(+)
    pH >8:  8.1-10(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  d L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  vr Maltose:  + Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  neg Glycogen:  neg Starch:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    D-Ala:  + Arg:  + Asp:  + Glu:  + His:  + Ile:  + Leu:  + Met:  + Phe:  + Ser:  + Thr:  + Trp:  + Tyr:  + Val:  +
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Catalase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + Butyrate:  + CO2:  + H2:  + Pigment:  neg

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR SARCINA MAXIMA
  • CanaleParola2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Clostridiaceae Genus X. Sarcina
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR SARCINA MAXIMA
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • Added: April 08, 2021