Schaalia odontolytica

(aka Actinomyces odontolyticus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Schaalia odontolytica, (aka Actinomyces odontolyticus), is a Gram-positive, exosporous, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 15 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. Schaalia odontolytica is a common gut coloniser. (Batty1958)



  • This organism has been recovered from dental disease, clinical sources (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, abscess - CCUG) and human faeces. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Batty1958);
    Character Response
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • milk;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate 6.5% salt;
  • pH
  • Acidity tolerance:
  • doesn't tolerate pH 9.6;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • arabinose; galactose; glucose; sucrose; mannitol;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Batty1958);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; ammonia; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
  • ±
  • Pigments:
  • dark red
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Tyrrell2012); (Goldstein2006); (Goldstein2006c); (Goldstein2005); (Citron2001); (Goldstein2000a); (Goldstein1999b);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem; penicillin; penicillin G; piperacillin-tazobactam; ticarcillin-clavulanic acid;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefalexin; cefotaxime; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • clarithromycin; pristinamycin; quinupristin-dalfopristin; roxithromycin; spiramycin; telithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • doxycycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol;
  • metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • linezolid; pristinamycin; telithromycin;
  • daptomycin;

  • Actinomyces odontolyticus may be an opportunistic pathogen.

  • Lagier, J.-C., Armougom, F., Million, M., Hugon, P., Pagnier, I., Robert, C., Bittar, F., Fournous, G., Gimenez, G., Maraninchi, M., Trape, J.-F., Koonin, E. V., La Scola, B., & Raoult, D. (2012). Microbial culturomics: paradigm shift in the human gut microbiome study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection: The Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1185–1193.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Actinobacteria Class:  Actinomycetia Order:  Actinomycetales Family:  Actinomycetaceae Genus:  Schaalia Alt. name:  Actinomyces odontolyticus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  Exospore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  dark red
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  dental disease, clinical sources (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, sputum, abscess - CCUG) and human faeces
    NaCl >6%:  6.5(neg)
    pH >8:  9.6(neg)
    		Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg Milk:  curdle(d)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  d Fructose:  neg Galactose:  d Glucose:  d Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg L-Xylose:  neg Maltose:  neg Sucrose:  d Trehalose:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Mannitol:  d Salicin:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  neg Coagulase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Ammonia:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  dark red
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.015-0.5)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-0.25)
    penicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: -, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    penicillin_G:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.03-0.25)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25-4)
    tica-clav:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.06–4)
    ertapenem:  S(0.06/0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06-0.25)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    cefalexin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-2)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03–0.5)
    cefoxitin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-2)
    azithromycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): ≤0.03, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    clarithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03)
    pristinamycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.03–0.12)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    roxithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.03–0.06)
    spiramycin:  S(2.67)
    telithromycin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.03)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5-1)
    ciprofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.12-16)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.12-4)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.12-8)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5–4)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25–1)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06–0.25)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.5-1)
    chloramphenicol:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–8)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.03->32)
    daptomycin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (16->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR SCHAALIA ODONTOLYTICA
  • Yachida2019 - Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer
  • Tyrrell2012 - In vitro activity of TD-1792, a multivalent glycopeptide-cephalosporin antibiotic, against 377 strains of anaerobic bacteria and 34 strains of Corynebacterium species.
  • Goldstein2006 - In vitro activity of moxifloxacin against 923 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein2006c - Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of 396 unusual anaerobic strains to tigecycline and eight other antimicrobial agents.
  • Goldstein2005 - Comparative in vitro activities of XRP 2868, pristinamycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clarithromycin, telithromycin, clindamycin, and ampicillin against anaerobic gram-positive species, actinomycetes, and lactobacilli.
  • Citron2001 - Comparative in vitro activities of ABT-773 against 362 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2000a - Comparative In vitro activities of ertapenem (MK-0826) against 1,001 anaerobes isolated from human intra-abdominal infections.
  • Goldstein1999b - Activities of telithromycin (HMR 3647, RU 66647) compared to those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, and other antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes.
  • Batty1958 - Actinomyces odontolyticus, a new species of actinomycete regularly isolated from deep carious dentine.
  • Coretti2018 - Gut Microbiota Features in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR SCHAALIA ODONTOLYTICA
  • Bik2006 - Molecular analysis of the bacterial microbiota in the human stomach.
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Dubourg2013 - The gut microbiota of a patient with resistant tuberculosis is more comprehensively studied by culturomics than by metagenomics.
  • Forster2019 - A human gut bacterial genome and culture collection for improved metagenomic analyses.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Jeong2021 - The effect of taxonomic classification by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long-read technology
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Tyakht2013 - Human gut microbiota community structures in urban and rural populations in Russia.
  • Walker2011 - High-throughput clone library analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiota reveals dysbiosis and differences between inflamed and non-inflamed regions of the intestine in inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR SCHAALIA ODONTOLYTICA
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021