Serratia liquefaciens

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Serratia liquefaciens is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 4 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 53-54%. Serratia liquefaciens is probably a rare gut coloniser. (Farmer1985; Gavini1979; Grimont2005cBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces, clinical sources (wound, abscess - CCUG) and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: invertebrate pathogen). It is an opportunistic pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (Gavini1979); (Geiger2010); (Grimont2005cBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; DNA; gelatin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent hydrolysis or digestion:
  • chitin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 4℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • arabinose; L-arabinose; fructose; xylose; amygdalin; melezitose; melibiose; raffinose; sucrose; trehalose; glycerol; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; 5-ketogluconate; salicin;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; amygdalin; L-arabinose; arbutin; cellubiose; aesculin; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; glucosamine; gentiobiose; glucose; glycerol; inositol; D-lyxose; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; melezitose; melibiose; methyl-α-glucoside; ribose; raffinose; salicin; sorbitol; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose; xylose; alanine; D-alanine; γ-aminobutyrate; aspartate; glutamate; histidine; ornithine; proline; serine; tyrosine; acetate; aconitate; caprate; caprylate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; lactate; DL-lactate; L-malate; phenylacetate; pyruvate; succinate; meso-tartrate; glutamine; putrescine; oxoglutarate; D-glucuronate; D-galacturonate; D-malate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • lactose; tryptophan; benzoate; caproate; nonanoate;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; DNase; α-galactosidase; β-galactosidase; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; lipase; lycine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Gavini1979); (Geiger2010); (Grimont2005cBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ±
  • Methyl red test:
  • active for a few strains
  • ±
  • VP test:
  • strain dependent
  • ✗
  • Thiosulfate:
  • not reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • aztreonam; ertapenem; imipenem;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefdinir; cefepime; ceftazidime;
  • cefaclor; cefprozil; cefuroxime;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tigecycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin;

  • Moore, WEC & LV Holdeman (1974). Human fecal flora: the normal flora of 20 Japanese-Hawaiians. Appl. Microbiol. 27: 961-979.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Yersiniaceae Genus:  Serratia Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human faeces, clinical sources (wound, abscess - CCUG) and the environment
    DNA G+C(%):  53-54
    Low T(℃):  4(neg)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Chitin:  d DNA:  + Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Glucose:  w Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  vr Melezitose:  + Melibiose:  + Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Amygdalin:  + Glycogen:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  + Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  + Fructose:  + Fucose:  + D-Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + D-Lyxose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + Cellubiose:  + Gentiobiose:  + Lactose:  d Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  d(+) Melibiose:  + Raffinose:  + Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  neg Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Arbutin:  + Dextrin:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Aesculin:  + Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glucosamine:  + Glycerol:  + Glycogen:  neg Inositol:  + Inulin:  neg Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  + Salicin:  + Sorbitol:  + Starch:  neg Xylitol:  neg Ala:  + D-Ala:  + β-Ala:  neg 4-Aminobutyrate:  + 5-Aminovalerate:  neg Arg:  neg Asp:  + Betaine:  neg L-Citrulline:  neg Glu:  + Gly:  neg Histamine:  neg His:  + Ile:  neg Lys:  neg Met:  neg Norleucine:  neg Orn:  + Pro:  + Sarcosine:  neg Ser:  + Thr:  neg Trigonelline:  neg Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  d Tyr:  d(+) Val:  neg Acetate:  + Aconitate:  cis(+) trans(neg) Adipate:  neg Azelate:  neg Benzoate:  d Caprate:  + Caproate:  d Caprylate:  + Citraconate:  neg Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + Glycolate:  neg 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  neg 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  neg Isobutyrate:  neg Isovalerate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + Lactate:  + DL-Lactate:  d(+) Levulinate:  neg L-Malate:  + Maleate:  neg Malonate:  neg L-Mandelate:  neg Mesaconate:  neg Mucate:  neg Nonanoate:  d Phenylacetate:  + Phenylpropionate:  neg Pimelate:  neg Propionate:  neg Pyruvate:  + Quinate:  neg Sebacate:  neg Suberate:  neg Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg Valerate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  vr Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg ArgDC:  neg LysDC:  + OrnDC:  + DNAse:  + Lipase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.12->32)
    ampicillin:  Var(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (2->8)
    aztreonam:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 32, RNG: (≤0.5-256)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.008->16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.12-2)
    cefaclor:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (16->64)
    cefdinir:  S(2)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    cefixime:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25->64)
    cefpodoxime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.25->64)
    cefprozil:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (64->64)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): ≤2, MIC90: ≤2, RNG: (≤2->16)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (16->64)
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    gentamicin:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03->4)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (<0.008-0.12)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-1)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.015-1)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (0.015-2)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.6, RNG: (<0.008-0.12)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5->8)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-8)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR SERRATIA LIQUEFACIENS
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • Gavini1979 - Serratia fonticola, a New Species from Water.
  • Geiger2010 - Serratia glossinae sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis.
  • Grimont2005cBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXXIV. Serratia
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
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    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR SERRATIA LIQUEFACIENS
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
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    • Added: April 08, 2021