Serratia marcescens

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 57.5-60%. Serratia marcescens is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Farmer1985; GarciaFraile2015; Gavini1979; Grimont2005cBergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Alkhalil2017 - high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources (blood, sputum, urine - CCUG) and the environment. The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Farmer1985); (GarciaFraile2015); (Gavini1979); (Geiger2010); (Grimont2005cBergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • aesculin; chitin; DNA; gelatin;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • doesn't grow at 4℃; grows at 40℃;
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • D-arabinose; fructose; fucose; D-fucose; galactose; glucose; mannose; ribose; xylose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; adonitol; inositol; mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol; arbutin; gluconate; 5-ketogluconate; N-Ac glucosamine; salicin;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • lactose;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • N-acetylglucosamine; adonitol; amygdalin; L-arabitol; aesculin; fructose; fucose; galactose; gluconate; glucosamine; glucose; glycerol; inositol; maltose; maltotriose; mannitol; mannose; ribose; sorbitol; sucrose; trehalose; xylitol; alanine; D-alanine; glutamate; histidine; lysine; ornithine; phenylalanine; proline; serine; acetate; aconitate; caprate; citrate; fumarate; DL-glycerate; glycolate; 2-ketogluconate; 5-ketogluconate; lactate; DL-lactate; L-malate; phenylacetate; pyruvate; succinate; glutamine; L-hydroxyproline; nicotinate;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent substrate utilisation:
  • erythritol; γ-aminobutyrate; trigonelline; tyrosine; benzoate; caprylate; 3-hydroxybutyrate; 3-hydroxybenzoate; 4-hydroxybenzoate; 2-ketoglutarate; malate; propionate; quinate; L-asparagine;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; β-galactosidase; β-glucosidase; lipase; lycine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Farmer1985); (Gavini1979); (Geiger2010); (Grimont2005cBergey);
    Character Response
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S; indole;
  • ✗
  • Methyl red test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • VP test:
  • active
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • ✓
  • Nitrite:
  • reduced
  • ✗
  • Thiosulfate:
  • not reduced
  • ✓
  • Pigments:
  • produced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Kumar1978); (Goldstein2003a);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • aztreonam; ertapenem; imipenem; meropenem;
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; penicillin; penicillin G; ticarcillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefepime; cefotaxime; cefpirom; ceftazidime; moxalactam;
  • cefaclor; cefalexin; cefamandole; cefazolin; cefdinir; cefotetan; cefoxitin; cefprozil; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • clarithromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tigecycline;
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • besifloxacin; ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; pipemidic-acid; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • amikacin; kanamycin; neomycin; streptomycin; tobramycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • chloramphenicol; co-trimoxazole; sulfamethoxazole;
  • metronidazole; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • clindamycin; colistin; polymyxin B;

  • Grimont, P. A., & Grimont, F. (1978). The genus Serratia. Annual Review of Microbiology, 32(1), 221–248.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Yersiniaceae Genus:  Serratia Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Swimming Morphology:  Rod Pigment:  +
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (Alkhalil2017 - high load in several ulcerative colitis patients), clinical sources (blood, sputum, urine - CCUG) and the environment
    DNA G+C(%):  57.5-60
    Low T(℃):  4(neg)
    Mid T(℃):  40(+)
    		Aesculin:  + Urea:  neg Gelatin:  + Casein:  neg Chitin:  + DNA:  + Tween:  80(+)
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    D-Arabinose:  + L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  + D-Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  + L-Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  vr Lactose:  d(w) Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Glycogen:  neg Inulin:  neg Starch:  neg Adonitol:  + D-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Glycerol:  neg Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  + Xylitol:  + Arbutin:  + Gluconate:  + 2-Ketogluconate:  vr 5-Ketogluconate:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Me-α-D-Mann:  neg Me-Xyloside:  neg NAc-α-GA:  + Salicin:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  + Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Sorbose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  + Maltotriose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  w Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  neg Trehalose:  + N_Acetyl_glucosamine:  + Adonitol:  + Amygdalin:  + D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  + Arbutin:  neg Dextrin:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  d Aesculin:  + Ethanolamine:  neg Gluconate:  + Glucosamine:  + Glycerol:  + Glycogen:  neg Inositol:  + Mannitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Sorbitol:  + Starch:  neg Xylitol:  + Ala:  + D-Ala:  + 4-Aminobutyrate:  d 5-Aminovalerate:  neg Arg:  vr Asp:  neg Betaine:  neg Glu:  + Histamine:  neg His:  + Lys:  + Orn:  + Phe:  + Pro:  + Ser:  + Thr:  neg Trigonelline:  d Tryptamine:  neg Trp:  vr Tyr:  d Acetate:  + Aconitate:  + Benzoate:  d Caprate:  + Caproate:  neg Caprylate:  d Citrate:  + Fumarate:  + Glutarate:  neg DL-Glycerate:  + Glycolate:  + 3-Hydroxybutyrate:  d 3-Hydroxybenzoate:  d 4-Hydroxybenzoate:  d Itaconate:  neg 2-Ketogluconate:  + 5-Ketogluconate:  + Lactate:  + DL-Lactate:  + Malate:  d L-Malate:  + Malonate:  neg Mucate:  neg Phenylacetate:  d(+) Phenylpropionate:  neg Propionate:  d Pyruvate:  + Quinate:  d Succinate:  + D-Tartrate:  neg L-Tartrate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  vr α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  + α-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg Xylosidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  + OrnDC:  + Lipase:  +
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  neg Pigment:  +
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  R(100)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): ≥64, MIC90: ≥64, RNG: (≤0.12-≥64)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >256, RNG: (8->256)
    amp-sulb:  RNG: (14)
    aztreonam:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    penicillin:  R(5U)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (16–>16)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25-128)
    ticarcillin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (2->128)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.12, RNG: (≤0.008->16)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.125->32)
    meropenem:  S(MIC50): 0.031, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.016->32)
    cefaclor:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: -, RNG: (16->64)
    cefalexin:  R(32->128)
    cefamandole:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (4->128)
    cefazolin:  R(>128)
    cefdinir:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >125, RNG: (2->128)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.06-128)
    cefixime:  Var(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.25->64)
    cefoperazone:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (1-64)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-1)
    cefotetan:  Res
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128, RNG: (8->128)
    cefpirom:  S(MIC50): 0.063, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.032-32)
    cefpodoxime:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 64, RNG: (0.25->64)
    cefprozil:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (64->64)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.125, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-128)
    cefuroxime:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >64, RNG: (16->64)
    cephalothin:  R(>128)
    moxalactam:  S(0.5/4)
    amikacin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.25->32)
    gentamicin:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 32, RNG: (0.5-64)
    kanamycin:  S(30)
    neomycin:  S(10)
    streptomycin:  S(<2)
    tobramycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.25->64)
    erythromycin:  S(10)
    clarithromycin:  R(>100)
    besifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.12-2)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.03-16)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (<0.008-8)
    garenoxacin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1-16)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06-16)
    gemifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06-64)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.015-≥16)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.06-128)
    nalidixic-acid:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (1->32)
    ofloxacin:  Var(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.125-32)
    pipemidic_acid:  S(2.55)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.06-16)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.03->16)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    minocycline:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (≤0.5->16)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): >8, MIC90: >8, RNG: (≤2->8)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.12-8)
    chloramphenicol:  S(<2)
    metronidazole:  R(>100)
    nitrofurantoin:  Res
    sulfamethoxazole:  S(200)
    SXT:  R(90)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.5->2)
    clindamycin:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    colistin:  Res
    polymyxin_B:  R(MIC50): >64, MIC90: >128, RNG: (≤1->128)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR SERRATIA MARCESCENS
  • Farmer1985 - Biochemical identification of new species and biogroups of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens.
  • GarciaFraile2015 - Serratia myotis sp. nov. and Serratia vespertilionis sp. nov., isolated from bats hibernating in caves.
  • Gavini1979 - Serratia fonticola, a New Species from Water.
  • Geiger2010 - Serratia glossinae sp. nov., isolated from the midgut of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis.
  • Grimont2005cBergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXXIV. Serratia
  • Kumar1978 - Enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance from clinical cases in man and animals and detection of toads and wall lizards as their reservoirs.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR SERRATIA MARCESCENS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • De2020 - Metagenomic analysis of gut microbiome and resistome of diarrheal fecal samples from Kolkata, India, reveals the core and variable microbiota including signatures of microbial dark matter.
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR SERRATIA MARCESCENS
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021