Shigella flexneri

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Shigella flexneri is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterium. It has been detected in at least 9 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 49%. Shigella flexneri is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Levine1920; Strockbine2005Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human faeces (Alkhalil2017 - including ulcerative colitis patients). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. It's gut microbiome symbiotic status is unknown. Robust growth can have negative consequences for gut health.
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Levine1920); (Strockbine2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • glucose; mannitol;
  • ±
  • Strain-dependent acid from carbs:
  • melibiose; raffinose; dulcitol; sorbitol;
  • Active enzymes:
  • catalase; α-galactosidase;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Strockbine2005Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • indole (strain-dependent);
  • ✗
  • Metabolites not produced:
  • H₂S;
  • ✗
  • VP test:
  • not active
  • ✗
  • ONPG test:
  • not active
  • ✓
  • NO3➔NO2:
  • reduced
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; aztreonam; ertapenem; imipenem; piperacillin-tazobactam;
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefazolin; cefepime; cefixime; cefoperazone; cefpodoxime; ceftazidime; cefuroxime;
  • cefaclor;
  • Macrolides:
  • erythromycin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • tetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; gatifloxacin; levofloxacin; nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • gentamicin;
  • kanamycin; streptomycin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; sulfamethoxazole; trimethoprim;

  • Castellani, A., & Chalmers, A. J. (1920). Manual of Tropical Medicine. The Journal of Parasitology, 7(1), 50.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Proteobacteria Class:  Gammaproteobacteria Order:  Enterobacterales Family:  Enterobacteriaceae Genus:  Shigella Gram stain:  neg O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Rod
    Health:   Negative
    Source:  human faeces (Alkhalil2017 - including ulcerative colitis patients)
    DNA G+C(%):  49
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  neg Gelatin:  neg
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    L-Arabinose:  neg Glucose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  neg Maltose:  neg Melibiose:  d Sucrose:  neg Trehalose:  neg Amygdalin:  neg Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg L-Arabitol:  neg Dulcitol:  d Erythritol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  d(+) Sorbitol:  d 5-Ketogluconate:  neg Me-α-D-Glc:  neg Salicin:  neg
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Acetate:  neg Citrate:  neg Malonate:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  neg Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Galactosidase:  + β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  vr β-Glucosidase:  neg β-Glucuronidase:  neg ArgDH:  neg LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg Phe deaminase:  neg Lipase:  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		H2S:  neg Indole:  (d)
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(2)
    Augmentin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 32, RNG: (4-32)
    ampicillin:  R(MIC50): 256, MIC90: 512, RNG: (2-512)
    aztreonam:  S(MIC50): ≤0.12, MIC90: ≤0.12, RNG: (≤0.12-0.25)
    piper-taz:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (≤0.5->64)
    ertapenem:  S(≤0.008/≤0.008)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-0.5)
    cefaclor:  R(>32/>32)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (0.5-32)
    cefepime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (≤0.12-1)
    cefixime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1-4)
    cefoperazone:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.03-64)
    cefpodoxime:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.25-0.5)
    cefprozil:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 8, RNG: (2-8)
    ceftazidime:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.06-64)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 4, RNG: (2-4)
    amikacin:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.5-16)
    gentamicin:  S(≤2/≤2)
    kanamycin:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (4-128)
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): 256, MIC90: 256, RNG: (64-256)
    erythromycin:  R(64)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.016, RNG: (0.008-0.016)
    clinafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.02, RNG: (0.004-0.015)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (<0.008-0.25)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (0.015-0.06)
    nalidixic-acid:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.12-0.5)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    tetracycline:  R(MIC50): >128, MIC90: >128,
    rifampicin:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8
    chloramphenicol:  Var(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 128
    sulfamethoxazole:  R(2500)
    trimethoprim:  R(≥128/≥128)
    co-trimoxazole:  R(76)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR SHIGELLA FLEXNERI
  • Ewing1949 - Shigella Nomenclature.
  • Levine1920 - Dysentery and Allied Bacilli.
  • Weldin1926 - The colon-typhoid group of bacteria and related forms: Relationships and classification.
  • Strockbine2005Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 2, The Gammaproteobacteria Part B. Family Enterobacteriaceae, Genus XXXV. Shigella
  • Gryp2020 - Isolation and Quantification of Uremic Toxin Precursor-Generating Gut Bacteria in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
  • Hedin2015 - Siblings of patients with Crohn's disease exhibit a biologically relevant dysbiosis in mucosal microbial metacommunities
  • Kang2010 - Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in Crohn's disease patients as revealed by a custom phylogenetic microarray
  • Li2012 - Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of the microbiota in ulcerated and non-ulcerated regions in the patients with Crohn's disease
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR SHIGELLA FLEXNERI
  • Hu2019 - The Gut Microbiome Signatures Discriminate Healthy From Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
  • Lagier2016 - Culture of previously uncultured members of the human gut microbiota by culturomics.
  • McLaughlin2010 - The bacteriology of pouchitis: a molecular phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pandey2012 - Comparative analysis of fecal microflora of healthy full-term Indian infants born with different methods of delivery (vaginal vs cesarean): Acinetobacter sp. prevalence in vaginally born infants.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Zou2019 - 1,520 reference genomes from cultivated human gut bacteria enable functional microbiome analyses.
  • Zupancic2012 - Analysis of the Gut Microbiota in the Old Order Amish and Its Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome.
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR SHIGELLA FLEXNERI
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
  • Alkhalil2017 - Bacterial involvements in ulcerative colitis: molecular and microbiological studies
    • Added: April 08, 2021