Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus

(aka Staphylococcus aureus)

Bacteria
General | Carbohydrate O/F | Substrate utilisation | Enzymes | Metabolites | Antibiotics

Overview

  • Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, (aka Staphylococcus aureus), is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus bacterium. It has been detected in at least 14 gut microbiome compilation studies or metastudies. The DNA G+C content is 32-36%. Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus is probably a common, although minor, coloniser of the gut. (Schleifer2011Bergey)



  • This organism has been recovered from human skin, clinical sources (respiratory tract, wound, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, vagina - CCUG) and human faeces (infant - CCUG). The risk classification (www.baua.de) for this organism is 2, i.e., risk of individual infection, but low risk of spread (notes: human and animal pathogen). Is a known human pathogen. A possible gut commensal.
    • QUIRKS
  • Found in human breast milk (Jeurink2013).
    • GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • Substrates hydrolysed or digested:
  • casein;
  • 🧂
  • Salt tolerance:
  • tolerates 6-10% salt;
  • 🌡
  • Temperature tolerance:
  • grows at 10℃; grows at 45℃; Grows optimally at 30-37℃.
  • H+
  • Acid from carbohydrates usually produced:
  • fructose; glucose; mannose; lactose; maltose; sucrose; trehalose; mannitol; xylitol; α-methyl glucoside;
  • ⥅
  • Substrates assimilated or utilised:
  • fructose; galactose; glucose; lactose; maltose; mannitol; mannose; ribose; sucrose; trehalose; D-turanose;
  • Active enzymes:
  • alkaline phosphatase; acid phosphatase; catalase; coagulase; esterase C4; esterase lipase C8; fibrinolysin; α-glucosidase; β-glucosidase; HS nuclease; hyaluridonase; lipase; urease;
    • SPECIAL FEATURES (Schleifer2011Bergey);
    Character Response
  • ✓
  • Metabolites produced:
  • acetate; CO₂;
  • VP test:
  • activity is variable
  • ✓
  • Haemolysis:
  • present
  • ✓
  • Nitrate:
  • reduced
  • Pigments:
  • grey, yellow, orange
    • RESPONSE TO ANTIBIOTICS (Goldstein2013a); (Citron2012a); (Goldstein2012); (Goldstein2006a); (Goldstein2003a); (Goldstein2000); (Goldstein1999a); (Citron1997);
    Class Active Resistant
  • Penicillins:
  • amoxicillin; amoxicillin-clavulanic acid; ampicillin; ampicillin-sulbactam; cloxacillin; ertapenem; imipenem; oxacillin;
  • penicillin G;
  • Cephalosporins:
  • cefaclor; cefalexin; cefamandole; cefazolin; cefotaxime; cefotetan; cefuroxime; cephalothin;
  • cefepime; cefixime; cefoxitin;
  • Macrolides:
  • azithromycin; fidaxomicin; quinupristin-dalfopristin;
  • Tetracyclines:
  • minocycline; tigecycline;
  • oxytetracycline;
  • Quinolines:
  • ciprofloxacin; clinafloxacin; enoxacin; garenoxacin; gatifloxacin; gemifloxacin; levofloxacin; moxifloxacin; ofloxacin; sparfloxacin; trovafloxacin;
  • nalidixic-acid;
  • Aminoglycosides:
  • kanamycin; streptomycin;
  • Polypep/ketides:
  • gramicidin; rifabutin; rifampicin;
  • Heterocycles:
  • co-trimoxazole; fusidic-acid; nitrofurantoin; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole;
  • chloramphenicol; metronidazole;
  • Vancomycins:
  • vancomycin; teicoplanin;
  • Miscellaneous antibiotics:
  • daptomycin; linezolid; ranbezolid;
  • polymyxin B;

  • Finegold, S. M., Howard, R. A., & Vera, L. S. (1974). Effect of diet on human intestinal fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr, 27, 1456–1469.

    • Details

    GENERAL
    Lineage Physiology General Growth Tolerances Hydrol./digest./degr.
    Phylum:  Firmicutes Class:  Bacilli Order:  Bacillales Family:  Staphylococcaceae Genus:  Staphylococcus Alt. name:  Staphylococcus aureus Gram stain:  + O2 Relation.:  facultatively anaerobic Spore:  No spore Motility:  Sessile Morphology:  Coccus Pigment:  grey, yellow, orange
    Health:  Unknown
    Source:  human skin, clinical sources (respiratory tract, wound, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, vagina - CCUG) and human faeces (infant - CCUG)
    DNA G+C(%):  32-36
    Opt. T:  30-37℃
    Low T(℃):  10(+)
    High T(℃):  45(+)
    NaCl >6%:  6-10(+)
    		Aesculin:  neg Urea:  vr Gelatin:  vr Starch:  neg Casein:  + Hippurate:  vr
    CARBOHYDRATE ACID FORMATION
    Monosaccharide O/F Oligosaccharide O/F Polysaccharide O/F Polyol O/F Other O/F
    Arabinose:  neg L-Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Ribose:  neg D-Tagatose:  neg Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Sucrose:  + Trehalose:  + Turanose:  vr Dextrin:  neg Glycogen:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Mannitol:  + Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  + Me-α-D-Glc:  +
    SUBSTRATE ASSIMILATION & UTILISATION
    Monosaccharide util/assim Oligosaccharide util/assim Other carboh. util/assim Amino acid util/assim Organic acid util/assim
    Arabinose:  neg Fructose:  + Fucose:  neg Galactose:  + Glucose:  + Mannose:  + Rhamnose:  neg Ribose:  + Xylose:  neg Cellubiose:  neg Gentiobiose:  neg Lactose:  + Maltose:  + Melezitose:  neg Melibiose:  neg Raffinose:  neg Sucrose:  + D-Turanose:  + Trehalose:  + Adonitol:  neg D-Arabitol:  neg Dextrin:  neg Dulcitol:  neg Erythritol:  neg Inositol:  neg Mannitol:  + Salicin:  neg Sorbitol:  neg Xylitol:  neg
    ENZYME ACTIVITY
    Enzymes: General Enzymes: Carbohydrate Enzymes: Protein Enzymes: Arylamidases Enzymes: Esters/fats
    Oxidase:  neg Catalase:  + Urease:  + Coagulase:  + Fibrinolysin:  + HS nuclease:  + Hyaluridonase:  + Ac-β-glcamnd:  neg α-Fucosidase:  neg α-Galactosidase:  neg β-Galactosidase:  neg α-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucosidase:  + β-Glucuronidase:  neg α-Mannosidase:  neg β-Mannosidase:  neg ArgDH:  vr LysDC:  neg OrnDC:  neg AlaPheProAA:  neg LeuAA:  vr PyrrolidAA:  vr AlkalineP:  + AcidP:  + Esterase(C4):  + EstLip(C8):  + Lipase:  + Lipase(C14):  neg
    METABOLITES - PRODUCTION & USE
    Fuel Usable Metabolites Metabolites Released Special Products Compounds Produced

    		Acetate:  + CO2:  + Pigment:  grey, yellow, orange
    ANTIBIOTICS ℞
    Penicillins & Penems (μg/mL) Cephalosporins (μg/mL) Aminoglycosides (μg/mL) Macrolides (μg/mL) Quinolones (μg/mL)
    amoxicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.39, MIC90: 3.12, RNG: (0.1-25)
    Augmentin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5-32)
    ampicillin:  S(MIC50): 0.2, MIC90: 1.56, RNG: (0.05->200)
    amp-sulb:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 16, RNG: (0.25–16)
    cloxacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.39, MIC90: 0.39, RNG: (0.2-3.13)
    oxacillin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.125-0.5)
    penicillin_G:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (≤0.015->32)
    piper-taz:  Var(MIC50): >4, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.25->26)
    ertapenem:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.06–0.5)
    imipenem:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25–4)
    meropenem:  Var(MIC50): >0.125, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.06->16)
    cefaclor:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 4, RNG: (1-128)
    cefalexin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5-4)
    cefamandole:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-8)
    cefazolin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-32)
    cefepime:  R(MIC50): >16, MIC90: >16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    cefixime:  R(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2-128)
    cefotaxime:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.5–2)
    cefotetan:  S(MIC50): 4, MIC90: 16, RNG: (2–>128)
    cefoxitin:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: >32, RNG: (4–>32)
    ceftazidime:  Var(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (8–16)
    cefuroxime:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25->128)
    cephalothin:  S(0.4/0.4)
    moxalactam:  Var(MIC50): 3.12), MIC90: Var(3.12
    amikacin:  RNG: (2-32)
    gentamicin:  Var(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.25->16)
    kanamycin:  R(15)
    neomycin:  Var(MIC50): 1.7, MIC90: 109, RNG: (≤1.7-129)
    netilmycin:  Var(MIC50): 4), MIC90: Var(4
    streptomycin:  R(MIC50): >50, MIC90: >200, RNG: (1.56->200)
    tobramycin:  Var
    azithromycin:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (1–2)
    erythromycin:  Var(MIC50): >1, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.125->16)
    fidaxomicin:  S(MIC50): 8, MIC90: 8, RNG: (4–8)
    clarithromycin:  Var(MIC50): ≥0.25, MIC90: ≥64, RNG: (0.06-≥64)
    quin-dalf:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 1, RNG: (≤0.06-8)
    telithromycin:  Var(MIC50): >0.12, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.06->16)
    linezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    ciprofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.5-2)
    clinafloxacin:  S(0.016)
    enoxacin:  S(1)
    garenoxacin:  S(0.01)
    gatifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03–0.06)
    gemifloxacin:  S(0.01)
    levofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.125, RNG: (0.015–8)
    moxifloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (0.06-0.12)
    nalidixic-acid:  R(MIC50): >32, MIC90: >32, RNG: (>32)
    norfloxacin:  Var
    ofloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (0.015–32)
    sparfloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.06, MIC90: 0.06, RNG: (≤0.03–0.06)
    trovafloxacin:  S(MIC50): 0.03, MIC90: 0.03, RNG: (≤0.015-0.06)
    Tetracyclines (μg/mL) Vancomycin Class (μg/mL) Polypep/ketides (μg/mL) Heterocycles (μg/mL) Other (μg/mL)
    doxycycline:  Var(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 8, RNG: (0.064->32)
    minocycline:  S(MIC50): ≤0.25, MIC90: ≤0.25, RNG: (≤0.25->8)
    oxytetracycline:  R(76)
    tetracycline:  Var(MIC50): >2, MIC90: >16, RNG: (0.125->16)
    tigecycline:  S(MIC50): 0.12, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.016-1)
    teicoplanin:  S(MIC50): 0.5, MIC90: 2, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    vancomycin:  S(MIC50): 1, MIC90: 1, RNG: (0.25-4)
    gramicidin:  S(2)
    rifabutin:  S(0.016)
    rifampicin:  S(MIC50): 0.008, MIC90: 0.015, RNG: (≤0.002->4)
    chloramphenicol:  R(MIC50): 16, MIC90: 16, RNG: (≤0.12->16)
    metronidazole:  R(MIC50): 256, MIC90: >1024, RNG: (128->1024)
    nitrofurantoin:  S(2)
    ranbezolid:  S(MIC50): 2, MIC90: 2, RNG: (0.25-4)
    SXT:  S(MIC50): ≤0.25, MIC90: ≤0.25, RNG: (≤0.25->4)
    co-trimoxazole:  S(MIC50): ≤0.25, MIC90: ≤0.25, RNG: (≤0.25->4)
    clindamycin:  Var(MIC50): 2, MIC90: >256, RNG: (0.016->256)
    daptomycin:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.5, RNG: (≤0.015-1)
    polymyxin_B:  R(32)
    fusidic-acid:  S(MIC50): 0.25, MIC90: 0.25, RNG: (0.12->32)

    References

    SPECIFIC REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SUBSP. AUREUS
  • Schleifer2011Bergey - Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Vol. 3, The Firmicutes. Family Staphylococcaceae, Genus I. Staphylococcus
  • Cowan1961 - Diagnostic tables for the common medical bacteria
  • Gao2020 - Functional Microbiomics Reveals Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and Host Co-Metabolism in Patients With Alcoholic Hepatitis
  • Adams2011 - Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism - comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity
  • Breban2017 - Faecal microbiota study reveals specific dysbiosis in spondyloarthritis
  • DeLaCochetiere2004 - Early intestinal bacterial colonization and necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants: the putative role of Clostridium
  • Finegold2002 - Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism
  • Graspeuntner2018 - Gut Dysbiosis With Bacilli Dominance and Accumulation of Fermentation Products Precedes Late-onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants
  • Kalliomaki2008 - Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict overweight
  • Watanabe2003 - Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy control subjects
  • Hynes2000 - Hyaluronidases of Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Goldstein2013a - Comparative in vitro activities of SMT19969, a new antimicrobial agent, against Clostridium difficile and 350 gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic intestinal flora isolates.
  • Citron2012a - Comparative in vitro activities of LFF571 against Clostridium difficile and 630 other intestinal strains of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
  • Goldstein2012 - Ceftaroline versus isolates from animal bite wounds: comparative in vitro activities against 243 isolates, including 156 Pasteurella species isolates.
  • Goldstein2006a - In vitro activity of ceftobiprole against aerobic and anaerobic strains isolated from diabetic foot infections.
  • Goldstein2003a - In vitro activities of ABT-492, a new fluoroquinolone, against 155 aerobic and 171 anaerobic pathogens isolated from antral sinus puncture specimens from patients with sinusitis.
  • Goldstein2000 - Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens.
  • Goldstein1999a - Activity of gatifloxacin compared to those of five other quinolones versus aerobic and anaerobic isolates from skin and soft tissue samples of human and animal bite wound infections.
  • Citron1997 - Comparative in vitro activities of trovafloxacin (CP-99,219) against 221 aerobic and 217 anaerobic bacteria isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • ...............................
    • GUT MICROBIOME COMPILATIONS AND METASTUDIES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SUBSP. AUREUS
  • Almeida2019 - A new genomic blueprint of the human gut microbiota.
  • Benno1984 - The intestinal microflora of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants.
  • Benno1989 - Comparison of fecal microflora of elderly persons in rural and urban areas of Japan.
  • Byrd2020 - Stability and dynamics of the human gut microbiome and its association with systemic immune traits.
  • Cassir2015 - Clostridium butyricum Strains and Dysbiosis Linked to Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm Neonates
  • Dubinkina2017 - Links of gut microbiota composition with alcohol dependence syndrome and alcoholic liver disease
  • Finegold1974 - Effect of diet on human fecal flora: comparison of Japanese and American diets
  • Finegold1977 - Fecal microbial flora in Seventh Day Adventist populations and control subjects.
  • New2022 - Collective effects of human genomic variation on microbiome function.
  • Pfleiderer2013 - Culturomics identified 11 new bacterial species from a single anorexia nervosa stool sample.
  • RajilicStojanovic2014 - The first 1000 cultured species of the human gastrointestinal microbiota.
  • Woodmansey2004 - Comparison of compositions and metabolic activities of fecal microbiotas in young adults and in antibiotic-treated and non-antibiotic-treated elderly subjects.
  • Zeller2014 - Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer
  • ...............................
    • GENERAL REFERENCES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SUBSP. AUREUS
  • Ludwig2009 - Revised road map to the phylum Firmicutes.
  • CCUG - Culture Collection University of Gothenburg - Entire Collection
    • Added: April 08, 2021